语言学第六章笔记和习题1.docx
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语言学第六章笔记和习题1.docx
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语言学第六章笔记和习题1
Chapter6Pragmatics
----thestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication;thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning.
----thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetwolinguisticstudiesofmeaning–semanticsandpragmatics
Semanticsstudiesliteral,structuralorlexicalmeaning,whilepragmaticsstudiesnon-literal,implicit,intendedmeaning,orspeaker’smeaning.
Semanticsiscontextindependent,decontextualized,whilepragmaticsiscontextdependent,contextualized.
Semanticsdealswithwhatissaid,whilepragmaticsdealswithwhatisimplicatedorinferred.
Whatessentiallydistinguishsemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered
Ifitisnot,itissemantics.
Ifitis,itispragmatics.
Pragmaticanalysisofmeaningisfirstandforemostconcernedwiththestudyofwhatiscommunicatedbyaspeaker/writerandinterpretedbyalistener/reader.
Analysisofintentionalmeaningnecessarilyinvolvestheinterpretationofwhatpeopledothroughlanguageinaparticularcontext.
Intendedmeaningmayormaynotbeexplicitlyexpressed.Pragmaticanalysisalsoexploreshowlisteners/readersmakeinferencesaboutwhatiscommunicated.
SomebasicnotionsinPragmatics
Context
Pragmaticsvs.semantics
Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning
Context
Context----abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….
Pragmaticsvs.semantics
Semantics----isthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence(withouttakingcontextintoconsideration).
Pragmatics----thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextintoconsideration),.
“TodayisSunday”,semantically,itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek;pragmatically,youcanmeanalotbysayingthis,alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker,say,makingasuggestionorgivinganinvitation…
Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning
----Sentencemeaning:
Abstractandcontext-independentmeaning;
literalmeaningofasentence;
havingadyadicrelationasin:
WhatdoesXmean
----utterancemeaning:
concreteandcontext-dependentmeaning;
intendedmeaningofaspeaker;
havingatriadicrelationasin:
WhatdidyoumeanbyX
Forexample,“Thebagisheavy”canmean
abagbeingheavy(sentencemeaning);
anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag;
thespeakerisdecliningsomeone’srequestforhelp.
Thedogisbarking.
Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaself-containedunitinisolation,thenwetreatitasasentence.
Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitasanutterance.
Note:
Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext;utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning;itisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.
SpeechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkofthephilosopherJ.Austin(1962)andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininterpersonalcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage”
Inlinguisticcommunication,peopledonotmerelyexchangeinformation.Theyactuallydosomethingthroughtalkingorwritinginvariouscircumstances.Actionsperformedviaspeakingarecalledspeechacts.
Twotypesofutterances
Constatives(叙述句)----statementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable;
Performatives(施为句)----sentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.
Note:
Sometimestheyareeasytogetconfused,.“Itisrainingoutside”canbeaconstative,andalsoaperformative,forbyutteringsuchasentence,wemaynotonlystateafact,butinvolveintheactofinformingsomeoneabouttherain.
SomeExamplesofPerformatives
“Ido”
“InamethisshipElizabeth.”
“Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.”
“Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.”
“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”
Austin’snewmodelofspeechacts
----AccordingtoAustin’snewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:
locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.
Thelocutionaryact----anactofsayingsomething,utteringwords,phrases,clauses,.anactofmakingameaningfulutterance(literalmeaningofanutterance);
Itistheactofconveyin
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