三种磁悬浮模式.docx
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三种磁悬浮模式.docx
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三种磁悬浮模式
IEEETRANSACTIONSONAPPLIEDSUPERCONDUCTIVITY,VOL.19,NO.3,JUNE20092137
PerformanceAdvancesofHTSMaglevVehicle
SysteminThreeEssentialAspects
ZigangDeng,JiasuWang,JunZheng,HuaJing,JingLi,WeiLiu,YaZhang,andSuyuWang
Abstract—Inordertoputthepracticeofhightemperaturesuperconducting
(HTS)Maglevvehicletechnologyintopeople’slife,
theinteractionbetweenhightemperaturesuperconductor(HTSC)
andpermanentmagnetguideway(PMG)asthebasicmodelofHTS
Maglevvehiclewascarefullyinvestigatedandenhancedfromthree
essentialaspects,i.e.,bulkHTSCmaterial,PMGfieldandbulk
HTSCmagnetization.Themaglevexperimentswereperformed
withthreekindsofbulkHTSCmaterials,twokindsofPMGsand
twokindsofmagnetizationmethods.Itisfoundthatthreeaspects
areallveryeffectivetoimprovethelevitationcapabilityandlateral
stability.Withbetterbulkmaterial,morereasonablePMGconfiguration
andmagnetizationmethod,theperformanceofHTSMaglev
vehiclesystemwillbegreatlyadvancedandclosertoaneconomical
andpracticallevel.
IndexTerms—Hightemperaturesuperconductors,Maglevvehicle,
magnetization,permanentmagnetguideway.
I.INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERIZEDbypassivestability,hightemperature
superconducting(HTS)magneticlevitation(maglev)
technologyshowsgreatpotentialbothinaxialandtranslational
symmetricapplications[1]–[5].Intheformer,withremarkable
achievementsinloadperformance[6],[7],superconducting
magneticbearing(SMB)ispossibletorealizeitscommercial
applicationfirstlyinflywheelenergystoragesystem[8]–[10]
ormotor[7]beforelong.Forthelatter,withtheadvantagesof
self-stability,high-speed,environmentfriendly,comfort,low
energyconsumption,andsoon,HTSMaglevvehiclehasbeen
consideredasanimportantcandidateforfuturetransportation
tools.Besidesthethreeman-loadingHTSMaglevtestvehicles
intheworld[11]–[13],moreandmoresmall-scaleprototypes
havebeenfabricatedforresearch[14]–[17]andtrytoexplore
itspotentialapplicationinotherfields,suchasspacelaunch
[18],[19].Nolongersatisfyingwiththepresentlaboratory
scale,researchersbegintothetestlineconsiderations[20],
[21].
Atpresent,itisnotdifficulttolevitateavehicleusingbulk
hightemperaturesuperconductor(HTSC)byabovementioned
prototypereferences.Thekeyiswhatperformancethevehicle
ManuscriptreceivedAugust22,2008.FirstpublishedJune05,2009;current
versionpublishedJuly15,2009.ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalHigh
TechnologyResearchandDevelopmentProgramofChina2007AA03Z210,the
NationalNaturalScienceFoundationinChina50777053andtheInnovation
FoundationofSouthwestJiaotongUniversityforPh.D.Candidates,China.
TheauthorsarewiththeAppliedSuperconductivityLab.(ASCLab),
M/S152#,SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,Chengdu,610031,China
(e-mail:
zgdeng@;asclab@;jzheng@;
jingli324@;tonny@;yzhang@;
jsywang@).
Colorversionsofoneormoreofthefiguresinthispaperareavailableonline
athttp:
//ieeexplore.ieee.org.
DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TASC.2009.2018108
Fig.1.SchematicdiagramoftheHTSlevitationcomponentinthefirstmanloading
HTSMaglevvehicle.
canachieve.WiththeresearchonHTSMaglevvehicletheory
indepthfromnumericalcalculations[22]–[27]andexperiments
[28]–[30],itisbelievedthatthereisstillbigspace[31]–[35]
toadvancetheperformanceofpresenttestvehicles,whichare
about5000N/mlevitationcapabilityatlevitationheightof15
mm,respondingto2–4N/cmlevitationdensityandYBCO
bulkweighttolevitationloadratioof20–30[11]–[13].From
thispoint,asystematicandcomprehensiveimprovementwork
isworthtodoinordertofindabetterHTSmaglevsystemwith
highefficiencyandlowcost.
AsshowninFig.1,thelevitationpartinatypicalHTSMaglev
vehiclesystemismainlycomposedofonboardbulkHTSC
andpermanentmagnetguideway(PMG).Hence,thematerial
performanceandgeometryconfigurationofbulkandPMGwill
betwoessentialimprovementaspects.Theformeroptimization
workisalsomostlyfocusedonthetwoaspects[31]–[34].
AsthepresentonboardbulkHTSCsarealltakenfieldcooling
(FC)magnetizationusingliquidnitrogen(LN2)abovePMG
[11]–[17],lessattentionhasbeenpaidtothedifferentmagnetization
methodofonboardbulkHTSC.Noticeably,theHTSbulk
magnetmagnetizedbyanon-PMGmagneticfieldwasfoundto
beabletorealizestablelevitationabovethePMGduetoflux-reform
effect[36],[37],whichimpliesthatsomeexternaloradditional
magneticenergycanbeintroducedtotheoriginallevitation
system.SothemagnetizationmethodofbulkHTSCisconsidered
asthethirdessentialimprovementaspect.Thefollowing
workinthepaperisalsoexpandedfromthethreeaspects.
II.EXPERIMENTAL
Inthesystematicimprovementwork,threekindsofbulk
HTSC,twokindsofPMGsandtwokindsofmagnetization
methodswereinvolvedduringtheexperiments.Alevitation
unitcomposedofoneorseveralbulkHTSCswasextracted
toinvestigatetheinteractionswithPMGsequivalently.All
1051-8223/$25.00©2009IEEE
Authorizedlicenseduselimitedto:
SOUTHWESTJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY.DownloadedonNovember28,2009at21:
54fromIEEEXplore.Restrictionsapply.
2138IEEETRANSACTIONSONAPPLIEDSUPERCONDUCTIVITY,VOL.19,NO.3,JUNE2009
TABLEI
SPECIFICATIONOFBULKHTSCS
Fig.2.Cross-sectiondiagramsofmonopolePMG(a)anddouble-poleHalbach
PMG(b).
maglevmeasurementswereperformedbyaself-developed
HTSMaglevmeasurementsystem(SCML-02)[38].
A.BulkHTSC
Inasense,thebirthoftheman-loadingHTSMaglevvehicle
isattributedtotheadvancementofbulkHTSCmaterial.The
intrinsicflux-pinningpropertiesbringakindofuniquestable
levitation.So,thebulkHTSCisregardedasthefirstessential
aspects.
ThreekindsofbulkHTSCswereinvolvedintheexperiments,
denotedasBulk1,Bulk2andBulk3,respectively.The
parameterspecificationsareshowninTableI.Theyareall
YBCOclass,buthavedifferentsize,shapeandtrappedfield.
Thefirsttwoarecylindrical,butBulk3isrectangular.The
valueoftrappedfieldaccordstotheirfabricationdate.Bulk3is
thenewestoneandhasthehighesttappedfield.
B.PMG
TwokindsofPMGwerechoseforevaluationintheexperiment.
ThefirstoneisthemostpopularmonopolePMGusing
steelasfluxconcentration,andhasbeenemployedinmostof
HTSMaglevvehicleprototypes[11]–[14].Theotheroneisa
doublepolePMGwithHalbachstyleusingpermanentmagnet
(PM)asflux-concentration,whichmakesgooduseoftheadvantages
ofbothmulti-polefieldconfigurationandhighefficient
Halbacharray[39].TherearefewreportsaboutsuchPMG[30],
[34].ThecrosssectionsoftwoPMGsareshowninFig.2.In
ordertocompare,thetwoPMGsnearlyhavethesamePMcrosssection
area.ThedetailedspecificationsareshowninTableII.
C.MagnetizationMethod
Twokindsofmagnetizationmethods,respectivelyasdirect
fieldcoolingmagnetization(DFCM)andindirectfieldcooling
magnetization(IFCM),wereinvolvedintheexperiments.The
firstoneisveryfamiliar,wherethebulkonboardHTSCwas
FCabovePMGbeforeworking.Thecharacteristicisthateither
themagnetizationorworkmagneticfieldsofbulkHTSCisthe
sameappliedPMGfield.Inthisway,themaglevperformances
ofbulkHTSCmaybelimitedbythePMGenergy.However,in
TABLEII
SPECIFICATIONOFPMGS
Fig.3.ThemagneticfielddependenceonthechargingcurrentofFieldControl
ElectromagnetsWorkbench(FCEW).Theinsetshowsacross-sectionofmagnetizing
thebulksampleinFCEW.
IFCM,theonboardbulkHTSCwasFCbyanotherstaticfield
ratherthanPMG,wherethebulkperformancecouldbeexcited
asmuchaspossible.Afterthemagnetization,thebulkwasapplied
toworkabovethePMG,sotheIFCMwasexpectedto
bringmoreenergyintotheoriginallevitationsystem.
Here,inIFCM,thebulkwasfirstlyFCmagnetizedbyafield
controlelectromagnetsworkbench(FCEW,Lakeshore),which
canproduceaconstantmagneticfieldbetweentwopolesupto
1T.Fig.3showstheapproximatelinearrelationshipbetween
magneticfieldandchargingcurrent.TheinsetinFig.3showsa
sketchofthebulksamplemagnetizationinEM4-CV,inwhich
thearrowshowsthedirectionofthemagneticfieldBoftheelectromagnet
series.Asthechargingfieldwasappliedandstabilized,
themagnetizationexperimentwasstartedwiththegradual
coolingofbulkHTSC.
III.RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS
A.MaglevPerformanceAboveTwoPMGs
Inpractice,asthePMshavetobepavedalongtheguideway
extensiondirection,thePMGcostwillbethehugestpartinthe
HTSlevitationsystem,evencomparedtotheexpensivebulk
HTSC.Inordertoevaluatetheperformanceoftwokindsof
PMGs,alevitationunitwithsevenBulk1sampleswasused
duringthemaglevmeasurementexperiments.
Fig.4showsthelevitationforcecomparisonofthelevitation
unitabovetwoPMGsinfieldcoolingheight(FCH)of30mm.
Itisobviousthatthelevitationunitgetsabiggerlevitationforce
andhysteresisloopwiththedouble-poleHalbachPMG.Atthe
smallestgapof7mm,themaxlevitationforceof231.5Nis
1.73timeslargerthanthatof133.7NwithmonopolePMG.The
Authorizedlicenseduselimitedto:
SOUTHWESTJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY.DownloadedonNovember28,2009at21:
54fromIEEEXplore.Restrictionsapply.
DENGetal.:
PERFORMANCEADVANCESOFHTSMAGLEVVEHICLESYSTEMINTHREEESSENTIALASPECTS2139
Fig.4.Levitationforcecomparisonofale
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