TPO48 阅读文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO48 阅读文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO48阅读文本答案翻译
TPO-48
ChinesePopulationGrowth
Increasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied(indeedfacilitated)byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.
ItisestimatedthattheChinesepopulationby1600wascloseto150million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties(theseventeenthcentury)mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrosesteadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationinwhichtheChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,withgreatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:
somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.
ToexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantinChinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwerenewlyeffectiveinthisperiod.AmongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternalpeacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.TherewasalsoanincreaseinforeigntradethroughGuangzhou(southernChina)andsomeimprovementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethecheckingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmostcriticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.
Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludesthatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossiblebyasteadyincreaseinthegrainsupply,whichevidentlygrewfiveorsixtimesbetween1400and1800androseanother50percentbetween1800and1965.Thisincreaseoffoodsupplywasdueperhapshalftotheincreaseofcultivatedarea,particularlybymigrationandsettlementinthecentralandwesternprovinces,andhalftogreaterproductivity—thefarmers’successinraisingmorecropsperunitofland.
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Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:
onewasthecontinualintroductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmadepossibledouble-cropping(theproductionoftwoharvestsperyearfromonefield).■Newcropssuchascorn(maize)andsweetpotatoesaswellaspeanutsandtobaccowereintroducedfromtheAmericas.■Corn,forinstance,canbegrownonthedrysoilandmarginalhilllandofNorthChina,whereitisusedforfood,fuel,andfodderandprovidessomethinglikeone-seventhofthefoodenergyavailableinthearea.■Thesweetpotato,growinginsandysoilandprovidingmorefoodenergyperunitoflandthanothercrops,becamethemainfoodofthepoorinmuchoftheSouthChinaricearea.■
Productivityinagriculturewasalsoimprovedbycapitalinvestments,firstofallinirrigation.From1400to1900thetotalofirrigatedlandseemstohaveincreasedalmostthreetimes.Therewasalsoagaininfarmtools,draftanimals,andfertilizer,tosaynothingofthepopulationgrowthitself,whichincreasedhalfagainasfastascultivatedlandareaandsoincreasedtheratioofhumanhandsavailableperunitofland.Thustherisingpopulationwasfedbyamoreintensiveagriculture,applyingmorelaborandfertilizertotheland.
1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Commerce,industrialization,anddevelopmentarecommonfeaturesoftheWesternexperience.
B.Trade,industrialization,anddevelopmentacceleratedsocialchangeinWesternsocieties.
C.TradeandindustrializationbroughtaboutdevelopmentinWesternsocieties.
D.InWesternsocieties,socialchangeprovidedtheconditionsfordevelopmentinanumberofareas.
2.Theword“attributed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.accustomed
B.credited
C.exposed
D.transformed
Youenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.
3.Accordingtoparagraphs1and2,whichofthefollowingistrueofChinesepopulationgrowthbetween1741and1851?
A.ItcoincidedwiththebeginningofindustrializationinChina.
B.ItpromptedspeculationabouttheactualnumberofpeoplelivinginChinainpreviouscenturies.
C.Itcontinuedthesteadygrowthinpopulationofpreviouscenturies.
D.Itoccurredintheabsenceofcertainconditionsgenerallyassociatedwithpopulationgrowth.
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,theestimatedpopulationofChinainthemid1700swas?
A.143million
B.150million
C.400million
D.432million
5.Theword“constant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.unique
B.dominant
C.altered
D.unchanging
6.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingstatementsabouteighteenth-centuryChinesesocietyEXCEPT:
A.Itwastroubledbyfrequentconflictswithforeignnations.
B.Itimproveditstransportationsystem.
C.Itexperiencedgrowthininternationalcommerce.
D.Itmanagedtopreventthespreadofcertaindiseases.
7.Paragraph4answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965?
A.WhichfiguresrelatingtoChina’spopulationgrowthwereunreliable?
B.WhydidDwightPerkinsassumethatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million?
C.WhereinChinadidmostofthepopulationincreasetakeplace?
D.WhatfactorsmadeChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965possible?
8.Theword“aggregate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.available
B.reliable
C.combined
D.recorded
9.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5abouttheintroductionofcornandsweetpotatoesinChina?
A.Thesecropsrequiredmuchmorecarethanothercrops.
B.Thesecropswereconsumedinlimitedquantities.
C.Thesecropspermittedanexpansionoftheareausedforfarming.
D.ThesecropsbecameavailablealloverChinawithinashortperiodoftime.
10.Theword“ratio”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.proportion
B.availability
C.importance
D.cost
11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraphs5and6asoneofthestrategiestheChineseappliedinagriculture?
A.Thegrowingoftwocropsonthesamefieldduringthesameyear
B.Theimprovementofsystemstosupplycropswithwater
C.Theapplicationofincreasingamountsoffertilizertotheland
D.Thereductionintheamountofhumanlaborperunitofland
12.Whatpurposedoesparagraph5serveinthelargerdiscussionaboutChina’spopulationgrowth?
A.ItprovidesevidenceofChina’semergingforeigntraderelations.
B.ItillustrateshowtheChineseincreasedtheirfoodsupply.
C.Itprovidesevidenceofwhypopulationgrowthwasmostnoticeableinthesouth.
D.ItshowshowforeigncropsgraduallygainedgreateracceptanceinChina.
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
OtherdevelopmentsaddressedtheproblemsofdryandsandyareasunsuitableforgrowingChina’snativecrops.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.
14.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Overthecenturies,Chinahasexperiencedanextraordinaryincreaseinitspopulation.
●
●
●
AnswerChoices
A.UnderstandingtheexceptionalincreaseinpopulationinChinarequiresgivingupcommonlyheldassumptionsrelativetothephenomenonofpopulationgrowth.
B.TheeconomistDwightPerkinsappliedaparticularstatisticalmethodtodeterminetheincreaseinChina’spopulation.
C.ThesuddenpopulationgrowthinChinastartedinitsnorthernandsouthernprovinces,anditspreadrapidlytothecentralandwesternareasofthecountry.
D.ImprovedtransportationmanagementandenhanceddiseasecontrolcontributedtoChina’spopulationexplosion.
E.TheincreaseinChina’sfoodsupply,whichaffectedpopulationgrowth,wastheresultoftechnologicaldevelopmentsinagricultureandcapitalinvestment.
F.Asteadyincreaseinforeigntradesincethe1400sprovidedtheconditionsnecessaryforlarge-scaleagriculturaldevelopment.
参考答案:
1-5.CBDAD6-10.ADCCA11-13.DBA14.ADE
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参考译文:
中国的人口增长
人口增长通常伴随着(事实上促进了)贸易的增加。
按照西方的经验,商业为工业化的开始提供了条件,而工业化反过来又导致了科学、技术、工业、交通运输、通信进步和社会变化等等,我们把这些统称为“发展”。
但是,十八世纪开始的工业化带来了欧洲的人口大幅增长;同时间中国的人口也暴涨,尽管中国没有经历类似的工业化。
据估计,到1600年中国的人口已经接近1亿5000万。
明清之交(十七世纪)人口数量可
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