江苏大学学术论文写作8.docx
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江苏大学学术论文写作8.docx
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江苏大学学术论文写作8
Unit8.Result,DiscussionandConclusion
TopicalHighlights
SectionofResults:
generalfunctionsandcontentsofresults,writingrequirementsforresults,examplesandsomeusefulexpressions
SectionofDiscussion:
generalfunctionsandmainelementsofdiscussion,writingrequirementsfordiscussion
SectionofConclusion:
generalfunctionsandmainelementsofconclusion,requirementforwritingaconclusion,samplesforconclusionandusefulexpressionsinwritingaconclusion
SpecialAttention:
conciseness
(1)-usingnon-finites,usingreplacementofattributes,usingadverbs
ThemePresentation
1.SectionofResults
Thesectionofresultsisoneofthemostimportantelementsinaprofessionalpaper,becauseanyresearchshouldhaveanoutcome,nomatterwhatitmaybe.Itisinthissectionthatthefinalresultofthepaperispresented.
1)GeneralFunctionsandContentsofResults
Thevalueofaresearchliesinthevalueofitsfinalresultsandtheauthor’sinterpretationoftheresults.Iftheprecedingsectionsofapaper(Introduction,Investigations,Experiments,Calculations,etc.)aredesignedtoexplainhowtheauthorobtainstheresults,andthefollowingsectionsofthepaper(Analysis,Discussion,SummaryorConclusion,etc.)aretotellwhattheresultsshouldmean.Then,inthesectionofresults,theauthor(s)shouldbringaboutasolidfoundationonwhichthewholepaperrests,byboilingdownallthefactsanddatahehasgained.
Intermsofcontent,researchresultsareusuallypresentedtogetherwiththecorrespondinganalysisconcerned.Sointhissectiontheauthorshouldpresenttheessentialresultsanddataandthengeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheight.Thereforethereareusuallytwoingredientsinthesectionofresult:
fullpresentationofthespecificdataoftheworkanddetailedanalysisoftheresults(esp.whenthereisnospecialsectionofDadaAnalysisinthepaper).
2)WritingRequirementsforResults
Inthesectionofresult,thefollowingtwopointsshouldbekeptinmind.
First,anydatashowninthissectionmustbemeaningful.Amongallthetestedvariables,onlythosethataffectthereactionortheconclusioncanbecometheterminatingdata,whilethosewithnomeaningfulfunctionsshouldneverappearinthissection.Sosortingoutandselectingdatashouldbehighlynecessary.JustasDr.JolinPowell,anotedAmericangeologist,says:
--“Thefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthem.”
Second,thepresentationofresultsshouldbeshortwithoutverbiage]andbeofcrystalclarity.Thisisbecauseitistheresearchresultthatcontainsnewingredientsofknowledgeorfindingswhichthewritercanclaimashisowncontributiontothescienceworld,andthatbuildsthebasisforthewholepaperoftheauthor.Inwritingthissection,redundancyshouldbeavoided.Forexample,thestatement“ItisclearlyshowninTable1thattheinformationdesiregrowswiththedevelopmentofindustry”(18words)shouldbereplacedby“Theinformationdesiregrowswiththedevelopmentofindustry(Table1)”(11words).Suchkindofwordysentencesoftenoccurwhentheroleofantecedents2like“it”isviolated.(Astohowtoachieveconciseness,pleaseseeSpecialAttentionofUnits8--10.)Meanwhile,althoughthepresentationofresultisthemostimportantpartofapaper,itisoftentheshortestsection,particularlyifitisprecededbyawell-writtenpartofExperimentorMaterialsandMethods,andfollowedbyawell-writtenpartofAnalysis,Discussion,SummaryorConclusion.Sometimes,theresultmaypossiblyhavejustonesentence:
“TheresultsareshowninTable1(orFigure1)”.Ofcourse,notallsectionsofresultareasshortassuch.
Thefollowingpointsareusuallyreportedintheresultssection(althoughnoteverypointmustbeincluded,dependingonthecontentandnatureofthethesis):
●abriefsummaryofwhathasbeendoneintheexperiment,reportingaccomplishmentsbyhighlightingmajorfindings
●adescriptionoftheresultsprovidingkeyinformationifnecessary
●furthersuggestionsconcerningtheeffectsorplanoftheexperiment
●anticipationandpotentialcriticism
Theresultssectionisbegunbypresentingthe“bigpicture”oroverviewoftheexperiments.Sufficientdetailsshouldbepresentedsothatthereaderscandrawtheirowninferencesandconstructtheirownexplanations.ThetheoreticalquestionathandshouldbefocusedonwithoutrepeatingtheexperimentaldetailsdescribedintheExperimentalProcedures.
Thefollowingremindersareessentialforalogical,effectiveresultssection:
●Mentionbothnegativeandpositiveresults.Donotinterpretresults—savethatforthediscussion.
●DonottryandcombinethispartwiththeConclusionpart.Youneedtocarefullypresentyourresultsfirstwithnofurtherinterpretation.
●Donotdiscusstheimplicationoftheresultshereastheyarepresentedindiscussionsection.
3)ExamplesandSomeUsefulExpressions
Let’sseetwoexamplesof“results”:
Ex.8-1
TestResults
Theresultsofallmeasurementsofthechlorideionpermeability3aregiveninTable4.ThevaluesinthisTablerangefromextremelyhigh(morethan20000Coulombs)toextremelylow(lessthan100Coulombs).Asindicated,thetestshadtobestoppedincertaincasesbecausetheintensityoftheheatgeneratedinthespecimenswastoohigh.Inthesecases,thevaluesindicatedintheTableweresimplyextrapolated4fromthecurvesofthenumberofCoulombspassedversustime.
TounderstandthesignificanceoftheresultsinTable4,referencecanbemadetotwodifferentpublicationsinwhichaclassificationofthevariousvaluesofthechlorideionpermeabilityhasbeenproposed.Ithasbeensuggestedthatavalueof4000Coulombsormorerepresentsahighchlorideionpermeability,2000to4000Coulombsasaveragepermeability,I000to2000Coulombsalowpermeability,100to1000Coulombsaverylowpermeability,andlessthan100Coulombsanegligiblepermeability.Onthebasisoftestsperformedrecently,otherinvestigatorshavesuggestedthatavalueofmorethan6500Coulombsrepresentsahighchlorideionpermeability,5000to6500Coulombsanaveragepermeability,2500to5000Coulombsalowpermeability,andlessthan2500Coulombsaverylowpermeability.
Ex.8-2
Results
Theresultsoftheidentificationfunctionforthenasalconsonants,5/rdand/m/,thatwereincreasedindurationareillustratedinFigure1and2respectively.Theverticalaxisindicatesthepercentageofidentificationofamoraicandanon-moraicnasal.Thehorizontalaxisindicatestheratesofincreasednasalduration(rate1.0=theoriginalonsetnasaldurationin/nata/and/mapa/).
Figure1:
Identificationfunctionsforanasalconsonant/n/thatisincreasedinduration.(omitted)
Figure2:
Identificationfunctionsforanasalconsonant/m/thatisincreasedinduration.(omitted)
AscanbeseenfromFigure1,whentheratereached1.4,amoraicnasalbegantoberecognized.Whenitexceeded2.4,itwasalwaysrecognized.Althoughtheratesweredifferent,thesameresultwasobservedinFigure2.
Theexamplescitedabovecomplywiththeabove-saidguidelinesforpreparingthesectionofresult.itcanbeseenthatwhencomposingtheResultsection,themostimportantresultsalwayscomefirst,followedbylessimportantones.Also,tablesandgraphscanhelpenhancingtheoveralleffectsifthereareany.Lastly,dobearinmindthatiftheResultsandDiscussionsareoftwosections,donotinterpretresultsinthissection.
Reminder
Figuresandtablescanbeplacedeitherwithinthetextoftheresultssection(preferred),orintheappendix.Eachfiguremustbenumberedconsecutivelyandcompletewithcaption(captiongoesunderthefigure).Eachtablemustbetitled,numberedconsecutivelyandcompletewithheading(titlewithdescriptiongoesabovethetable).Eachfigureandtablemustbesufficientlycompletethatitcouldstandonitsown,separatefromtext.
Listedbelowaresomeusefulexpressionsfrequentlyencounteredinthesectionofresult.
●Theresearchwehavedonesuggestsanincreasein...
●Asaresultofourexperimentsweconcludedthat...
●Thisfruitfulworkgivesanexplanationof...
●Ourexperimentaldataarebrieflysummarizedasfollows...
●Figure3showstheresultsobtainedfromstudiesof...
●Table5presentsthedataprovidedbytheexperimentson...
●Thistablesummarizedthedatacollectedduringtheexperimentof...
●Someoftheauthor’sfindingsarelistedintables.
●Thedirectoutcomewasthenreportedin...
●Sufficientresultfor..,hasbeenobservedwiththenewmethod...
●Thisworkdidprovide...
●Mostrecentexperimentstothesameeffecthaveledtheauthorstobelievethat...
●Asaresultofourexperiments,weconcludedthat...
●Resultsoftheanalysisillustratethesignificanceof…
●Theseexperimentswereruninorderto…
●Thisappearstohaveresultedin…
●Thisresultindicatesthat…
●Resultsfromtheabovementionedexperimentsuggestthat…
●Laboratoryresultsinthiscasehavedemonstratedthat…
●…issuggestedtoenhancetheresultsintendedintheexperiment.
●Weobservedthedesiredeffectsof…
●Notethat…
●To…,model…wastestifiedinthelab.
●Figureshows…
●Dataintablesuggest…
●Thedataalsosuggestthat…
●Thedatashownoconclusiveevidencethat…
Notes
1.verbiage:
toomanyunnecessarywordsinaspeechorawriting冗词
2.antecedent:
(Fr.)thenounornounphrasetowhichapronounorarelativepronounrefersto先行词
3.chlorideionpermeability:
氯离子渗透力
4.extrapolate:
(from)toworkout(thevalueofanumberwhichdependsonmeasurements),toguessfromthefactsalreadyknown推算,推断
5.nasalconsonant:
speechsoundsorlettersproducedbyh
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