跨文化交际中的身势语.docx
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跨文化交际中的身势语.docx
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跨文化交际中的身势语
毕业论文
题目:
跨文化交际中的身势语
Title:
OnBodyLanguagein
InterculturalCommunication
2009年5月22日
Abstract
Bodylanguageisveryimportantininterculturalcommunicationanditisconnectedcloselywithculture.Bodylanguagefromdifferentcultureshasmanydifferencesbecauseoftheirdifferentregions,racesandculturalcustoms.Itisinfluencedbyitsculture,soithasparticularculturalconnotations.Thatistosay,themeaningsofthesamebodylanguagesvaryfromculturetocultureandhavedifferentsocialfunctions.Consequently,inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeininterculturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguagefromdifferentcultures.Thispapertalksaboutthedefinition,function,classificationandimportanceofbodylanguage,anditdiscussestheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguageandthemajorprinciplesofusingbodylanguage.Itaimstoillustratethedifferencesofbodylanguageandputforwardtheprinciplesofreducingbarriersininterculturalcommunicationsoastoachieveeffectivecommunicationandtoavoidmisunderstanding.
Keywords:
bodylanguage;interculturalcommunication;culturaldifferences;majorprinciples
摘要
身势语是跨文化交际中非常重要的一部分,它与文化紧密相关。
由于地域、种族、文化习俗的差异,不同文化的身势语有许多差异。
它们受自身的文化制约并拥有独特的文化内涵。
也就是说,相同的身势语在不同的文化背景下有不同的含义,行使着不同的社会功能。
因此,为了在跨文化交际中顺利的交流,我们要了解不同文化背景下的身势语。
本文介绍了身势语的定义,功能,分类及其重要性,并讨论了不同文化背景下的身势语及其正确的使用原则。
目的在于通过列举身势语的文化差异,并提出减少跨文化交际中文化冲突的原则,从而促进有效交流,避免误解。
关键词:
身势语;跨文化交际;文化差异;主要原则
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………...1
I.TheIntroductionofBodyLanguage……………..............................2
1.1TheDefinitionofBodyLanguage…...…..…………………………...2
1.2TheFunctionofBodyLanguage……………….............................2
1.3TheClassificationofBodyLanguage..…………………………….4
1.4TheImportanceofBodyLanguage…………………………….…5
II.DifferentBodyLanguagesfromDifferentCultures…………………..6
2.1EyeLanguage……..……..…………………………………………...6
2.2Gestures…………………..……………....................................8
2.3Postures…………………………..…………………………….....9
2.4FacialExpressions..………………………..…………………...10
III.TheSimilaritiesofBodyLanguageandtheirCauses……..................12
3.1TheSimilaritiesofBodyLanguage……………..…………………12
3.2TheCausesResultingintheSimilaritiesofBodyLanguage……..12
IV.ThePrinciplesofReducingBarriersinCommunication……............14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..15
Bibliography…………………………………………………………16
Introduction
Whenpeoplespeakofthecommunication,firsttheywillthinkoftheverballanguageandignorethenonverballanguage—bodylanguage.Infact,bodylanguageplaysanessentialroleinhumancommunication.Intheprocessofcommunication,peoplecangetalotofinformationthroughbodylanguage.Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationaccountsfornearly65%ofthewholeexchangeofinformation.Andbodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication.Manyexpertshaveshowntheimportanceofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunication.“ThebestknowntheoryisthatoftheAmericanpsychologistMehrabian.Hestatesthatwhenitcomestoexpressingfeelings:
55%ofthecommunicationconsistsofbodylanguage,38%isexpressedthroughtoneofvoiceandonly7%iscommunicatedthroughwords.”[1]Itisdifficulttofancythatthecommunicationbetweenthepeoplejustdependsonwordswithoutanyaccompanyinggesturesorpostures.That,atleast,isnotasufficientcommunication.Withoutbodylanguagewecan’tfinishourexchangeofinformation.
NowadayslearningEnglishbecomesmoreandmorepopular,butthelearningofbodylanguagestillhasbeenignored.Thepurposeoflearningbodylanguageisnottoimitatetheforeigners,buttounderstandthemeaningofdifferentbodylanguagefromdifferentculture.Ifmanypeopleonlypaygreatattentiontotheacceptanceandcorrectnessoftheverbalcommunicationandoverlooktheinfluenceandculturaldifferencesofbodylanguage,themisunderstandingeventheculturalconflictwilloftenoccurininterculturalcommunication.Meanwhile,thesimilaritiesofbodylanguageshouldbepaidattention,too.Infact,thedeeplayerofdifferentculturehasmanysimilarities.Besides,withthedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnologyandtheincreaseofinternationalcommunication,theinfiltrationandinfluenceamongdifferentculturehavebeingontherise.
PeoplebegantonoticebodylanguagesinceWorldWarII.Formanydecadesafterthat,manycountriestooktheconsiderabledevelopmentintheresearchofbodylanguage.Forthepastfewyears,ourcountryhasalotofthediscoursesinthisfield.However,thisworkisstillinitsinfancy,especiallythecontrastofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunication.Mythesiswilldiscussthedifferencesandsimilaritiesofbodylanguageandputforwardtheprinciplesofreducingbarriersincommunication.
I.TheIntroductionofBodyLanguage
1.1TheDefinitionofBodyLanguage
Bodylanguageisnotalanguageinthenarrowsenseoftheword“language”.“Bodylanguage”istheprocessofcommunicatingwhatyouarefeelingorthinkingbythewayyouplaceandmoveyourbodyratherthanbywords(OxfordAdvancedLearnersEnglish-ChineseDictionary,2004). Besides,bodylanguageisamajorpartofnonverbalcommunication.
“Nonverbalcommunicationisaprocessinwhichcommunicatorsusethenaturalfeaturesoftheirbodiestodeliverinformationandexpressspecificmeaninginstinctivelytotheothercommunicator.”[2:
90]Thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationcoversthreemajorparts:
Proxemics,KinesicsorBodyLanguage,andParalanguage.Kinesicsisalsocalledbodylanguage,whichstudiesthemeaningsofthemovementofallpartsofbodyanditincludesmanynonverbalbehaviourssuchaseyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressionsandsoon.
1.2TheFunctionsofBodyLanguage
Insometypesofcommunicationpeopleexpressmorenonverballythanverbally.“OnestudydoneintheUnitedStatesshowedthatinthecommunicationofattitudes,93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbythetoneofthevoiceandbyfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%ofthespeaker’sattitudewastransmittedbywords.”[3:
122]Inaddition,bodylanguage,likeverballanguageisalsoanimportantpartofcultureandthecarrierofacertainculture.Therefore,thefunctionsofbodylanguageinthewholeinterculturalcommunicationcan’tbeoverlooked.“Inthedailycommunication,wecanseepeoplecan’tcommunicateefficientlybyverballanguagealone.Andnonverbalcommunicationwillexpressclearmeaningsinacertaincontext.Andacertainnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeconnectedwithverbalcommunicationortheothernonverbalcommunicationtoprovidecorrectinformation.”[4:
37]It’sclearthatbodylanguageplaysanessentialroleincommunicationactivities.Andbodylanguagealwaysexpressesthetrueinformationtopeople.“Inanycase,whenverbalcommunicationconflictswithnonverbalcommunication,peoplearewillingtoaccepttheinformationnonverbalcommunicationdelivers.Becausenonverbalcommunicationsoundsmorenatural,moreinstinctiveanditishardtopretend.”[5:
90]Obviously,weshouldmakefulluseofbodylanguagetoachieveefficientcommunication.Andthepreconditionofthatistounderstandthefunctionsofbodylanguage.
1.2.1Repetition
Bodylanguagecansimplyrepeatwhatwassaidverbally.Forexample,wemightwaveanoutstretchedhandwithopenpalmwhenwesay“goodbye”.Wemightpointinacertaindirectionafterwehavejustsaid(whenwetellpeoplehowtogettothenearesthospital,wearenotonlytellingthemthedirectionbutalsopointingtothedirectionwithhands.).Orwemightholdupourhandinthegesturethatsignifiesapersontostopatthesametimeweactuallyusetheword“stop”.Allofthesebodylanguagescanbeconsideredasrepetitionbyreasonthattheyindicatethesamemessagetheverballanguagesgive.
1.2.2Complement
“Complement”isanimportantfunctionofbodylanguage.Whenwecommunicatewithotherpeople,bodylanguagecanaddmoreinformationtomessagesthanverballanguagegives.Sometimesusingverballanguageisineffectual,andatthemomentwecanusebodylanguagetocomplementverballanguage.Bodylanguagemakesverballanguagevisualized,emotional,vivid,andcomplementsverballanguage.BritishPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillstressedtheartofspeech:
Onceinhisspeech,hesaid,“Thelevelofourlifenowhasexceededanytimeinhistory,forweeatsomuch.”Tothispoint,hestoppedonpurpose,lookingattheaudiencesforawhile.Thenhepointedhisfingerathishugestomach,“thisispowerfulevidence.”Churchillusednonverbalapproachtwicetoassistverballanguage.Atfirst,heintentionallyusedpausetoattracttheattentionofthemass;thenheskillfullyusedthebodylanguage----pointinghisbeerbellytoreceivevivideffect.[6:
17]
However,withoutvocallanguage,thefunctioncannottakeeffect.Thisfunctionofbodylanguageindicatesthatbodylanguageiscomplementarytoverbalbehavioursincommunication.Ifitseparatesfromverballanguage,themessageconveyedbybodylanguagewillfailtobeunderstoodwhichresultsinfailureofperformingnormalhumancommunication.JustthinkofwhatthesituationwillbelikeifwewatchTVwithoutsound.Soonlywhenvocallanguagesystemmixedbodylanguage,canacompletecommunicationsystembeformed.Ifthecooperationandassistancebetweenverballanguageandbodylanguagebreakup,itishardtoattaineffectivegoalofcommunication.
1.2.3Replacement
Differentfrom“complement”,“replacement”cantakeeffectwithouttheappearanceofverbalbehaviours.Weusethisfunctionwhenweperformsomeactioninsteadofspeaking.Whenitisinconvenientorunabletouseverbal
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