召唤黑人的自我认可.docx
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召唤黑人的自我认可.docx
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召唤黑人的自我认可
Introduction
ToniMorrisonwasablackwomanwhowasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1993.ShewasborninLorainonFebruary18,1931.ShehasworkedasaneditorforRandomHouse,acritic,andgivennumerouspubliclectures,specializinginAfrican-Americanliterature.Shemadeherdebutasanovelistin1970,soongainingtheattentionofbothcriticsandawideraudience.Amembersince1981oftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters,shehasbeenawardedanumberofliterarydistinctions,amongthemthePulitzerPrizein1988.MorrisonleftRandomHousein1987tofocusonteachingandwriting.Sofarshehasalreadyhadninenovelspublished:
TheBluestEye(1970),Sula(1973),Songof Solomon(1977),TarBaby(1981),Beloved(1987),Jazz(1992),Paradise(1998)andLove(2003),AMercy(2008) .Besidesthenovels,Morrisonhasproducedanimportantcriticalworkplayinginthedark:
whitenessandtheliteraryimagination(1992).MaintainingthatblackcharactersinclassicAmericannovelshavebeenmarginalizedbyliterarycritics,MorrisonseekstoexpandthestudyofAmericanliteraturethroughanareaofstudyshecallsAmericanAfricanize.
Morisonwassaidthatshehadneverwantedtobecomeawriter.WhileteachingatHowardUniversityandcaringforhertwochildren,herhusbandbrokeupwithher.ThenMorrisonwroteherfirstnovel,TheBluestEye(1970).TheBluestEyeisaboutthetragicstoryofaneleven-year-oldblackgirl,PecolaBreedlove.Thestorywastotakeplaceinasmall,Midwesterntown.Eachnightsheyearnsfortheblueeyes,whiteskinandblondhairfornoonehasevernoticeher.Butifshehasthat,everythingwillbedifferentforher:
herparentswillstopquarrel,herfatherwillstopdrinkingandshewillbeasbeautifulandpopularasShirleyTemple.Atlast,shehadwhatshedreamedfor,butshewasmad.Pecolaendsupwithbeingrapedbyherfather.Itseemsthatthenoveliscondemningtheblack’sabsurdlife,yetwithacarefulconsiderationwemayfindthatitisnotsimple.BydepictingtheappallingstoryToniMorrisonintents todisplaysthecauseof Pecola'stragedythatnotonlyresultsfromracism,butmoreimportantly,fromtheimpactofthe prevailingculturevalueofthewhiteontheblack.Thisshapeofthinkingisverybaseness.Andthisthesisaimstoanalyzeonlytheblueeyeisbeautiful?
Itgeneralizesthreepart.Firstlytalkingaboutthewhiteculturepressuretoblacks.Secondly,discusstheblacks’disadvantageofthemselves.Theyadoredwhitecultureandconsidered“whiteisbeauty”,butatlasttheylosttheirowncharacteristics.Atlast,scratchthewayofblacks.LivinginAmerica,thepracticalandsensiblewayfortheblackstosurviveistomaintaintheethicalheritageandseekforconfidenceintheirownculture.
Chapter1.BlacksundertheWhiteCulturePressure
Historically,variousmethodshavebeenusedbythewhitetoconstructthenegativeimagesoftheblack,suchastheridiculousinterpretationoftheBiblethatthewhiteisthedecedentofthefaithfulAbelandtheblackistheoffspringofthesinfulGain(GaoChangchun).TheBreedloves’sconvictionoftheir“ugliness”istheresultofthewhiteconstructionoftheinferiorblack,andlargelytheirconstructionofsuperiorwhite,especiallythewhiteculturemyth.ItisjustwhatToniMorrisonintentstoexposeinthebluesteye.Thepressuremadetwokindsofblacks,whiten-themselvesandsplit-personalities.
1.1Whiten-themselvesBlacks
ThedreamthatPecolawantsblueeyesisnotstrangeamongAfrican-Americans.Ifblackscan’taffirminsociety,thensomeonebeginstohavewhite’scharacteristicsinordertobalancetheirmentality.Somelightcoloredonethinkstheyareeasytoacceptbymainsociety,andtheyaremuchsuperior.InTheBluestEye,itdescribesseveral“whitenthemselves”lightcoloredblacks.Theyimitatethewhitestyleandgiveuptheirblackcharacteristics.Bydescribingtheirlife,andthelinkwithPecola’stragedy,Morrisonindicatesanopinion:
theimaginativepriorybasedonlightcolororsomeappearancesaretheimageofflabbiness.Becauselightcolorofonlyabiologiccharacteristic,whichhasnothingtodowithinnervalue.
MagiontLine,whoisdescribedinnaturaltermsweseeawomanwhoiscomfortablewithherselfandhersurroundings.Sheseekstofulfillthepleasuresandstandardsdictatedbyherownvolition,whethertheyarepleasantorsevere.Geraldineisamixedwhite,butshedoesn’trealizesheisblack.Shecallstheblacksnigger,andherselfmixedcoloredpeople,fromwhichit’seasytoknowthatGeraldinelookeddownuponblack,shemadeherefforttochangehersocialsituation,hopingtobeacoloredwomanwhoisbetweenwhiteandblack.
Whitekids;hismother(Geraldine)didnotlikehimtoplaywithniggers.Shehadexplainedtohimthedifferencebetweencoloredpeopleandniggers.Theywereeasilyidentifiable.Coloredpeoplewereneatandquiet;niggersweredirtyandloud.Hebelongstotheformergroup:
heworewhiteshirtsandbluetrousers;hishairwascutasclosetohisscalpaspossibletoavoidanysuggestionofwool,thepartwasetchedintohishairbythebarber.InwinterhismotherputJergensLotiononhisfacetokeeptheslainfrombecomingashen.Eventhoughhewaslight-skinned.(Morrison)
AtthetimewhenGeraldinegivesupherblackcharacteristics,shealsolosesthefunoflife:
sexy,motherlove,andtheabilitytocommunicatewithothers.Shecommunicatesnobodyexcepthercat.Comparedwiththecat,herhusbandandsonhavebecomingpropstomaintaindecency.Actually,wecanconsiderGeraldineasacat,whocrouchesunderwhitecultureandsociallaw,ablackskinnedcatobservestheworldby“blueeyes”.
Thereisanother“whiten”blackperson—SoapheadChurch(theminister).SoapheadChurchhadbeenrearedinafamilyproudofitsacademicaccomplishmentsanditsmixedblood—“infact;theybelievedtheformerwasbasedonthelatter.”Thewholepassagebasicallyexplainsthefamilyhistoryandrevealshowandwhythefamilycultivatedthebeliefthattheyweresuperiorbecauseofthewhitebloodintheirfamilytree.FromormaybefromhismixedBritishancestors,helearnstocutoffeverythingrelatedtoAfrica.Heenhanceshisaccomplishmentinmanner,favoriteandworkhardtowinthewhitesagreement.
Meanwhile,Churchhasnoticedthatblacksaremissedwhentheyaregivinguptheirowncultureandturntopursuewhiteculture.HisintrospectioncanbeknowninthelettergivingtoGod.Init,headmitsthattheblackshaveacceptedthemostabominablecharacteristicsofwhites.
1.2Blacksof“Split-personalities”
AthemeinTheBluestEyeisthenegativeinfluencethatwhitecultureandvalueviewsmadetomanyblackswhoarefightingforlife.Theseblacksareinthebottomofsociety,andbecauselackofmaterialconditionorlimitationsoflifebackground,it’shardforthemtorealizethewhites’lifestyletheydreamedandfinallycollapseinthedeepabyssofsplitpersonalities.TheBreedlovearethetypicalexamples.
ThelackofparentalsupportcausesPecolato,“searchpainfullyforself-esteemasameansofimposingorderonthechaosofherworld”.Havingnofamilybasetoleanon,shemustretreattoherownfantasy.Itisinthisfantasythatsheseeksherblueeyes.
Longhoursshesatlookinginthemirror,tryingtodisorderthesecretoftheugliness,theuglinessthatmadeherignoredordespisedatschool,byteachersandclassmatesalike.Pecolathoughtthatifshewereprettierandifshehadblueeyes,thenthingswouldbedifferentandherproblemswouldallgoaway.Ifthoseeyesofhersweredifferent,thatistosay,beautiful,sheherselfwouldbedifferent.Herteethweregood,andatleasthernosewasnotbigandflatlikesomeofthosewhowerethoughtsocute.Ifshelookeddifferent,beautiful,maybeChollywouldbedifferent,andMrs.Breedlovetoo.Maybethey’dsay,“Why,lookatpretty-eyedPecola;wemustn’tdobadthingsinfrontofthoseprettyeyes”(Morrison33)
Pecola’smotherPaulinetomakeupforCholly’sneglectandherowninsecurities,Paulinesoughtcomfortthroughmovies.HereshewouldsitandwatchtheperfectwhiteworldofHollywood.Shewouldfindhercolorsonthe“silverscreen”.Paulinemadeherupasawhitewoman;shebegantofollowthewhitefashion,thehairstyleandthedressstyle.WhenPecolaisbirthed,shesinged,“Oh,God.Sheissougliness”(Morrison19).ThestandardofbeautyoruglinessinPauline’seyecomesfromtheteachingofHollywood.Byworkingforawhitefamily,shefoundherorderagainbutnotwiththeintensitythatsheoncedid.Thereshecouldorderherlifeinawayshefeltshecouldneverachieveathome.Inthewhitehome,Paulinetakesthenewidentity,Polly.Sheseparatesfromherphysicalself,andentersintoaworldoftheorderedwhiteperson,wheresheforgetsherfamily,characterizedbydisorder,andblackness(ugliness).Sheseesthe“white”worldwithhervividcolors,whilesheseesthe“black”worldwhereshecomesfrom,inplainuglyblackandwhite.Inher“black”world,sheseesnopossibilityofordersorneatness.Inhereyes,everythinginwhiteworldiswonderful,thewhiteskinandblueeyesarethesymbolsofbeauty.Shetotallyforgetshercharacteristics,forgetsherblackcolor,andfallsinloveintheideal“white”life.
TheepisodeofPauline’spreferencetowatchingfilms,ontheonehand,dispelsherlonelinesswhilesheisinpregnancy;ontheotherhand,exposestothereaderthatthemassmedia,especiallythemovieadvocatesthewhiteaestheticsandvaluesystemwithgreatenergyanddistortstheblacksoul.Tobeexact,Paulinehaslosthernaivetéandnurturingself-hatred,whichshouldberesponsi
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