木刻插图艺术外文文献.docx
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木刻插图艺术外文文献.docx
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木刻插图艺术外文文献
文献出处:
CumminsJ.DeadWood?
TheForgottenArtofWoodcutIllustrations[J].ChildrenandLibraries,2015,13
(1):
29-31.
DeadWood?
TheForgottenArtotWoodcutIllustrations
CumminsJ.
Abstract
Woodcuttingisatypeofreliefpaintinginwhichanimageiscarvedintothesurfaceofablockofwoodandprintedonpaper.Thedesignisdrawnonasmoothblockofwoodandthepartsthataretobewhitearecutawaywithknivesorchisels,leavingthedesignstandingupinrelief.Therearetwoformsoftheprocess,woodcutsandwoodengraving.Thoughtheyaresimilar,theyarenotinterchangeable.Theonlydifferencebetweenthemisthedirectionofthewoodgrain.Woodcutsuseblocksofwoodwiththegrainrunninglength-wise,whilewoodengravingistheopposite,usingwoodblockssawnacrossthegrain.Woodcutshavealonghistory.Asearlyasthesixthcentury,designswerecutintowoodandprintedontextilesintheNearEast.Theyweretheforerunnersofthetechnique,butitwasEnglishprinterWilliamCaxtonwhoestablishedwoodcutsasanartformin1400whenheillustratedhisbookswithfinelychiseledlinedrawings.
Istheartofwoodcutillustrationsinchildren'sbooksreallydead?
Havetheybeenrelegatedtothetrashbinbycomputercapabilitiesforcreatingimages?
Hasdigitizationusurpedthecreativityandskillofthishands-onmedium?
Theanswerissimple-yesandno.
Sowhatiswoodcutting?
Essentially,it'satypeofreliefpaintinginwhichanimageiscarvedintothesurfaceofablockofwoodandprintedonpaper.Toapplythetechnique,thedesignisdrawnonasmoothblockofwoodandthepartsthataretobewhitearecutawaywithknivesorchisels,leavingthedesignstandingupinrelief.Itistheninkedandpressedagainstasheetofpaper.1
Therearetwoformsoftheprocess,woodcutsandwoodengraving.Thoughtheyaresimilar,theyarenotinterchangeable.Theonlydifferencebetweenthemisthedirectionofthewoodgrain.Woodcutsuseblocksofwoodwiththegrainrunninglength-wise,whilewoodengravingistheopposite,usingwoodblockssawnacrossthegrain.
Woodcutshavealonghistory.Asearlyasthesixthcentury,designswerecutintowoodandprintedontextilesintheNearEast.Theyweretheforerunnersofthetechnique,butitwasEnglishprinterWilliamCaxtonwhoestablishedwoodcutsasanartforminthe1400swhenheillustratedhisbookswithfinelychiseledlinedrawings(thoughtheywerenotintendedforchildren).
Itwasn'tuntilthelate1700sthatThomasBewick(pronouncedBuick)chiseledwoodcutsinbooksforchildren.Hewasacountryfarmboywhowasapprenticedtoanengraverandputtoworkmakingwoodcuts,whichwereatthattimeconsideredtobeunimportantandcheap,butneverthelesspopular.Hisportraitsoffarmanimalsandbirdswereimpeccablyproduced,makinghimanaturaltoillustrateAesop'sFablesin1784.2
WhenBewickdiedin1828,GeorgeCruikshank,attheyoungageof24,becamethemasteroflineandthecraftofthewoodblock.HewasamongtheearlyillustratorsofCharlesDickens'books,buthisforemostworkforchildrenwasthefirstEnglishtranslationofGrimms'GermanPopularTales(1823and1826).Hisflairforcaricatureandstronguseoflineinfusedhisworkwithamusingdetailthatestablishedthewholetoneofthebook.
Twentyyearsorsolater,EdwardLearwasanotherskilledartistwhosesharplinedrawingscleverlycapturedtheabsurdityinhischildren'sNonsenseBook(1846).3
ProbablythemostfamousengravedimagesareJohnTenniel'sfromLewisCarroll'sAlice'sAdventuresinWonderland(1865)andThroughtheLookingGlass(1871).Tennielhimselfdidn'tprinthisownart,hedependedontheskilledengraverDalzieltotransferhisdelicateandintricatecreationstotheprintingsurface.4
Thencamephotography.Itrevolutionizedthetechniqueofreproducingpicturesandalmosteradicatedwoodcuttingandwood-craftedillustrationssaveforthegiftedprinter,EdmundEvans.Hedevelopedimprovedmethodsincolorprintingwithwhichhecouldprintuptoelevendifferentcolors.Atriooffamousillustratorswascaptivatedbythisnewlydevelopedmethodandappliedittotheirsignaturestyles.RandolphCaldecott,WalterCrane,andKateGreenawayledthewayofaconfluenceofartistswhoseexpertisemadethemmajorplayersinsettingthebarforthisnewchallengingprocess.
FritzEichenbergwasaGerman-Americanartistwhoworkedprimarilyinwoodengraving.PoliticallyoutspokenandacriticoftheNazis,hemovedhisfamilyfromBerlintotheUnitedStates.Inhisprolificcareerhewasdrawntonovelsofemotionalconflictandsocialsatire.Inparticular,hewasinspiredbythehaunting,tragicstoriesoftheBrontesisters.HisimagesinWutheringHeights(1943)notonlyportrayedtheeventsinthestorybutalsocapturedthebook'sspirit.
AntonioFrasconihadasimilarlifeline.BorninArgentina,hemovedtotheUnitedStatesattheendofWorldWarII.Hequicklygainedrecognitionforhisintricatewoodcutsandsocialcommentary.Itwaslegendarychildren'sbookeditor(andhisneighbor)MargaretMcElderrywhosawhiswoodcutsandaskedhimtodoachildren'sbook,andhedid.
Hisfirstbookforchildren,SeeandSay:
APictureBookinFourLanguages(1955),wascriticallyacclaimed.Themultilingualpicturebookcitedwordtranslationsinfourdifferentlanguages,makingituniqueinthemediumusedaswellascontent.Itvalidatedhimasoneoftheforemostgraphicartistsofhisgeneration.
EntertheCaldecottAward.In1938,thethenChildren'sServicesDivision(nowtheAssociationforLibraryServicetoChildren)oftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinitiatedtheannualaward,namedforRandolphCaldecott,inrecognitionofillustrationsinchildren'spicturebooksasadistinguishedartform.
ThefirstbookillustratedwithscratchboardorwoodengravingtechniquetoreceiveCaldecottrecognition,anHonorcitation,wasSongofRobinHoodbyVirginiaLeeBurtonin1948.
EichenbergandFrasconi,mastersofwoodcutting,eachreceivedaCaldecottHonoraward:
EichenbergforApeinaCape(1953)andFrasconiforTheHouseThatJackBuilt(1959).
AnotherprominentartistwholenthisdexteritytothecraftofwoodcuttingwasLyndWard.WhilestudyinginGermany,hediscoveredawoodcutnovelwithoutwordsbyBelgianengraverFransMasereel.Hewassoinspiredbythebookthathecreatedsixadult,wordlessnovelswithwoodcutsorwoodengravingsthatgainedhimthetitle"FatheroftheGraphicNovel."5
Wardthenturnedhishandtochildren'sbooks,threeofthem,allbasedonchildhoodexperiences(eighttoninetypagesinlength).HewontheCaldecottMedalforthefirst,TheBiggestBear,in1953.6It'sinterestingtonotethatinthatsameyear,twoofthefiveHonorbookswerealsoillustratedwithwoodcuts:
ApeinaCapeandPussinBoots.
lustasWardwasinspiredbyMasereel,MichaelMcCurdywasinspiredbyWard.Whenhewasateenager,hewrotehimafanletterthatevolvedintoalifelongfriendshipandcollaboration.TheirrapportwassostrongthatwhenWarddiedin1985,McCurdyreportedlyinheritedhiswoodengravingtools.McCurdy'smultifacetedcareerasprinterandpublisherincludeschildren'sbooks,havingillustratedmorethanonehundredeightytitles.Asamasterofengraving,woodcuts,andscratchboardtechniques,hisworkhasaspecialaffinityforrecreatingfolktalesandhistoricalscenes.HisstylerangesfromthedramaticcompositionsinGiantsintheLand(1993)tothehewndepictionsinAmericanFairyTales(1996).
Asimilarmethodtowoodcuttingislinoleumblockprinting,forwhichalinoleumblockisusedinplaceofwood.Theendresultisdifficulttodistinguishfromwoodprints.FamouspaintersPabloPicassoandHenriMatisse,knownfortheirfineart,wereearlyadaptersoflinocuts,(本文献归XX文库所有,完整文献请见XX文库)
whichareeasiertohandlethoughthedetailsarenotasfine.AcontemporaryartistworkinginlinocutsisAshleyWolff.ExamplesofherworkincludeAYearofBirdsandBellsofLondon.
OneSkilledStyle
Saytheword"scratchboard"andthenamethatcomestomindisBrianPinkney,thekingofthistechnique.Akintowoodcutting,adrawingboardiscoveredwithwhiteclay,thenblackink.Ascratchknifeisusedtoscratchintothetopcoatingsothecolorunderneathshowsthrough.Pinkneyoftenusescrosshatchingtocreatetexture.HehaswontwoCaldecottHonorswiththismethod:
TheFaithfulFriend(1996)andDukeEllington:
ThePianoPrinceandHisOrchestra(1999).
Todate,twenty-fourbooksillustratedwithwoodcutsorliketechniqueshavebeenawardedeithertheCaldecottMedalorHonor.Notably,ofthosetwenty-fourtitles,fourwereillustratedbyMarciaBrown,recipientofninetotalCaldecottawardsandhonors.TwoofherthreeCaldecottMedalswerecreatedwithwoodcuts:
OnceaMouse(1962)andShadow(1983).TwoofhersixHonorbooksalsousedwoodcuttechniques:
DickWhittingtonandHisCat(1951)andPussinBoots(1953).7ThechoiceofShadowwassomewhatcontroversialbecausesomecriticsfeltthatthedramaticmixofcollage,woodcuts,andacrylicswastooscaryforchildrenandthestoryitselftooadult.
ItisencouragingthatinthelastfiveyearsofCaldecottAwardsandHonors,therehavebeenfourillustratorswhohaveusedsomeformofwoodprintingtechniques:
TheHouseintheNight(2009),illustratedbyBethKrommes;RedSingsfromTreetops(2010)andSleepLikeaTiger(2013),bothillustratedbyPamelaZagarenski;andASickDayforAmosMcGee(2011),illustratedbyErinStead.
Ifaskedthequestion,arewoodcutsasillustrationsdead,somepeoplewouldemphaticallysayyes,whileothercontemporaryartistssuchasBetsyBowen{Ant,Bear,Canoe:
ANorthwoodsAlphabet,1991)
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