工商管理外文翻译及译文.docx
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工商管理外文翻译及译文.docx
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工商管理外文翻译及译文
外文资料
商管031梅文飞0364027
Competingintheglobaleconomy:
theinnovationchallenge
Rt.Hon.TonyBlair,LordSainsbury.InnovationReport.2003.12:
17-31,52-65.
Chapter1Theinnovationchallenge
Summary
Globalcompetitionisincreasingasaresultoftradeliberalization,technologicalchangeandreductionsintransportandcommunicationcosts.UKbasedbusinesseswillfinditincreasinglydifficulttocompeteonlowcostsaloneinlabourintensiveindustriesexposedtointernationalcompetition.Thechallengeforbusinessesistocompeteonthebasisofuniquevalue.
Wehavedefinedinnovationasthesuccessfulexploitationofnewideasanditiscentraltomeetingthischallenge.Itinvolvesinvestmentsinnewproducts,processesorservicesandinnewwaysofdoingbusiness.Measurestodeveloptheskillsandcreativityoftheworkforceareoftenanessentialprerequisite.Thespeedoftechnologicalchangeandmarketresponsesmakethechallengetoinnovateurgentandcontinuous.
OverallUKinnovationperformanceappearstobe,atbest,averagecomparedtoourmajorcompetitors.ThisisreflectedinthelargeproductivitygapthatexistsbetweentheUKanditsmajorcompetitors.Innovationperformanceaccountsforasignificantproportionofthisgap.Onthewhole,UKfirmsfaceachallenge:
howtoraisetheirrateofinnovation?
InnovationisacomplexprocesssounderstandingwhytheUKhasarelativelymodestinnovationperformanceisnotstraightforward.Wedrewonanextensivereviewoftheinternationalinnovationliteratureandconsultedwithagroupofleadingexpertsinthefield.
Asaresultwehaveidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforinnovationperformance.Theyare:
Sourcesofnewtechnologicalknowledge;
Capacitytoabsorbandexploitnewknowledge;
Accesstofinance;
Competitionandentrepreneurship;
Customersandsuppliers;
TheRegulatoryenvironment;
Networksandcollaboration.
TheyhelpustoidentifycurrentstrengthsandweaknessesoftheUKinnovationsystem.Ahighlyabridgedsummaryisprovidedinthischapterbutthemoredetailedanalysisiscontainedinanaccompanyingeconomicreport.
OurvisionisoftheUKasakeyknowledgehubintheglobaleconomy.Acountrythatwillhavemaintaineditsoutstandingtraditionintheadvanceofscientificandtechnologicalknowledgewhiledevelopingasimilarlevelofperformanceinturningknowledgeintoexcitingandnovelproductsandservices.
TheReportcomplementstheLambertReviewofUniversity-Businesslinksaswellasthecross-GovernmentSkillsStrategy.ItmakesproposalstostrengthenUKperformanceagainstallthesuccessfactorsbuildinguponinitiativesthathavegonebefore.
Whatisinnovation?
1.1.InnovationinthisReportisdefinedasthesuccessfulexploitationofnewideas.Ideasmaybeentirelynewtothemarketorinvolvetheapplicationofexistingideasthatarenewtotheinnovatingorganizationoroftenacombinationofboth.Innovationinvolvesthecreationofnewdesigns,conceptsandwaysofdoingthings,theircommercialexploitation,andsubsequentdiffusionthroughtherestoftheeconomyandsociety.Itisthislast–diffusion–phasefromwhichthebulkoftheeconomicbenefitsflow.Mostinnovationsareincremental–asuccessionofindividuallymodestimprovementstoproductsorservicesovertheirlifecycle.Butafewwillbedramatic,creatingentirelynewindustriesormarkets.
1.2.Innovationinvolvesexperimentationandrisktaking.Someattemptstoinnovatewillfail,butacrosstheeconomythesuccessesoutweighthefailures.Andthefailuresthemselvesgeneratenewknowledge,whichifevaluatedcorrectly,canimprovethechancesforfuturesuccess.Theriskoffailurejustifiesthepotentiallyhighreturnsfromsuccesses,whichprovidetheincentivetoinnovateinthefirstplace.Successfulinnovation-ledcompanieshaveanumberofcommoncharacteristics(Box1.1).
Characteristicsofinnovation-ledcompanies:
Aworldwidefocus,oftenrequiringearlyexpansionoverseas;
Abalancedgrowthstrategy,basedonorganicgrowthandtargetedacquisitionstoenternewmarketsoracquirecriticalexpertise;
Abalancedinvestmentstrategy;
Aboveaverageinvestmentinmarketledresearchanddevelopment;
Afocusonwhatreallymatterstothecustomer;
Aninnovationculturewithcorporateleadershipthatexpectsgrowththroughdevelopmentofnewproductsandservices.
Whyisitimportantnow?
1.3.InnovationisvitaltomostbusinessesoperatingintheUKiftheyaretosurviveandgrowinthelongterm.Buttherearefivereasonswhyinnovationmattersmoreforbusinessesandthepeoplewhoworkinthemtoday.
Marketsaroundtheworldarebeingliberalised.Thisbringsopportunitiesfromexpandingtrade.Andfirmscanlocateallorpartoftheproductionprocessorservicewherevertheeconomicadvantageisgreatest.ButUK-basedfirmsalsofacecompetitionfromfirmsincountrieswithrelativelylowlabourcostsandwhereeducationandskillslevelsarehigh.Forexample,hourlylabourcostsinSouthKoreaarejustoverhalfUKlevels,buttheproportionofgraduatesintheworkingagepopulationisalmostidentical.
Long-termreductionsinthecostsoftransportationandcommunicationhavealsoopenedupnewmarketsandfasterglobalcommunicationsmeanthatconsumerslearnaboutnewfashions,ideasandproductsfasterthaneverbefore.Thecostofseafreighthasfallenbytwo-thirdssince1920,airtransportbyfive-sixthssince1930.TransatlantictelephonecallsarenowalmostfreeontheInternet.
ScienceandTechnologyareprovidingnewopportunitiesforbusinessestocompetebasedonexploitingknowledge,skillsandcreativitytoproducemorevaluablegoodsandservices.Industriesarebeingcreated,suchasBiotechnology,andtraditionalonesarebeingtransformed(e.g.growthoftechnicaltextiles).Becausetheyrelyonknowledgeandskills,theyprovideareaswherehighwage,developedeconomiescanmaintainacompetitiveadvantageoverlowwage,unskilledones.
Services,accountingforover70%oftheeconomy,arebecomingmoretechnologyintensive.Technologyisbeingusedtoimprovebusinessprocessesandcustomerserviceinsectorssuchasretail,hotelsandbanking,andtodevelopnewproductscombiningcreativestrengthswiththelatesttechnology,suchascomputergames.Manyhightechnologymanufacturersnowmakemoremoneyfromservicesthantheydofrommanufacturing.
Increasingenvironmentalconcernsareactingasastimulustoinnovation.Demandforenvironmentalimprovements–forexample,reducingCO2emissionsandvolumesofwaste–mayrequirechangesintheeconomyandtothewaywelive.Todeliverthesechangesthemarkethastogenerateinnovativeusesoftechnology,newwaysofdoingbusinessandnewconsumerattitudes.
1.4.Thespeedofchangingtechnologyandtheextenttowhichnewproductsandservicescanchangemarketconditionsmeanthatthechallengetoinnovateisurgentandcontinuous.UK-basedbusinesseswillfinditincreasinglydifficulttocompeteonlowcostsaloneinlabourintensiveindustriesexposedtointernationalcompetition.Thechallengeforbusinessesistocompeteonthebasisofuniquevalue.
1.5.TheUKisnotaloneinfacingthischallenge.EuropeanleadersagreedatLisboninspring2000tomaketheEU“themostdynamic,knowledge-driveneconomyintheworldby2010”.Innovationisintegraltoachievingthisvision.
HowistheUKdoing?
1.6.WehaveconsultedadistinguishedpanelofleadingacademicexpertsindrawinguptheanalysisunderpinningthisReport.Thisanalysishasbeenpublishedseparately.ThemainpointsconcerningtheUK’sinnovationperformancearesetoutbelow.
ThelatestinternationalcomparisonsofdataonbusinessR&DshowtheUKwellbehindtheUSandroughlyequaltotheEUaverage.However,itisencouragingthatafterasteadyperiodofdeclinefrom1.5%ofGDPin1981to1.16%in1997,wehaveseenamoveintherightdirection,to1.24%in2002.
Adjustingforsizeofeconomy,UKfirms’patentingactivityatpatentofficesinEurope,JapanandtheUSlieswellbehindfirmsinJapan,GermanyandtheUSandisjustbelowtheEuropeanaverage.
Althoughsystematicdataislacking,itappearsthattheUKlagsbehindtheUSandmajorOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)economiesinthetake-upofbestpracticeimprovementssuchasleanmanufacturing.
Datafromsurveys,whichrelyonbroadermeasuresofinnovation,paintasimilarpicturewithUKperformanceweakerthanitsinternationalpeers.
1.7.TheanalysissuggeststhatUKbusinessfacesachallenge:
howtoraiseitsrateofinnovation?
HowdidwetrytoexplainthecausesofUKperformance?
1.8.InnovationisacomplexprocesssounderstandingwhytheUKhasarelativelymodestinnovationperformanceisnotstraightforward.Tohelpusdothiswedrewonanextensivereviewoftheinternationalinnovationliterature,aidedbyapanelofexperts.WealsodrewheavilyonanalysisbytheAIMManagementResearchForumandtheOECD.
Asaresultwehaveidentifiedsevencriticalsuccessfactorsforinnovationperformance.TheyhelpustoidentifycurrentstrengthsandweaknessesoftheUKinnovationsystemandtodevelopproposalstoimproveitsperformance.
SuccessfactorsforUKinnovationperformance
1.9.Whatfollowsisahighlyabridgedversionofthesupportinganalysis,summarizingtheUK’sperformanceagainstthesevenfactors:
Sourcesofnewtechnologicalknowledgeplayanimportantroleinshapinginnovationsystems.Science-basedtechnologiesareincreasinginimportance.Newproductsandservicestendtoembodyawiderrangeoftechnologies,increasingthecomplexityfacedbyindividualfirms.UK-basedfirmsmakeextensiveuseofcustomersandsuppliersasknowledgesou
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