大学英语四级考前必做T4四 含答案.docx
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大学英语四级考前必做T4四 含答案.docx
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大学英语四级考前必做T4四含答案
PartIWriting(30minutes)
OnHolidayReform
1.有人建议将春节假期延长至正月十五;
2.也有人提出反对意见;
3.我的看法
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
HateYourJob?
Here’sHowtoReshapeIt
Onceuponatime,ifyouhatedyourjob,youeitherquitorbityourlip.Thesedays,agroupofresearchersistrumpetingathirdoption:
shapeyourjobsoit’smorefruitfulthanfutile.
“Weoftengettrappedintothinkingaboutourjobasalistofthingstodoandalistofresponsibilities,”saysAmyWrzesniewski,anassociateprofessorattheYaleSchoolofManagement.“Butwhatifyousetasidethatmind-set?
”Ifyoucouldadjustwhatyoudo,shesays,“whowouldyoustarttalkingto,whatothertaskswouldyoutakeon,andwhowouldyouworkwith?
”
Tomakelivelihoodsmorelively,WrzesniewskiandhercolleaguesJaneDuttonandJustinBerghavedevelopedamethodologytheycalljob-crafting.They’reworkingwithFamine500companies,smallerfirmsandbusinessschoolstochangethewayAmericansthinkaboutwork.Theideaistomakealljobs—evenmundane(平凡的)ones—moremeaningfulbyempoweringemployeestobrainstormandimplementsubtlebutsignificantworkplaceadjustments.
Step1:
RethinkYourJob—Creatively
“Thedefaultsomepeoplewakeuptoisdraggingthemselvestoworkandfacingalistofthingstheyhavetodo,”saysWrzesniewski.Sointhejob-craftingprocess,thefirststepistothinkaboutyourjobholistically.Youfirstanalyzehowmuchtime,energyandattentionyoudevotetoyourvarioustasks.Thenyoureflectonthatallocation(分配).See10perfectjobsfortherecession—andafter.
Take,forexample,amaintenancetechnicianatBurt’sBees,whichmakespersonal-careproducts.Hewasinterestedinprocessengineering,thoughthatwasn’tpartofhisjobdescription.Toalterthescopeofhisday-to-dayactivities,thetechnicianaskedasupervisorifhecouldspendsometimestudyinganideahehadformakingthefirm’smanufacturingproceduresmoreenergy-efficient.Hisideasprovedhelpful,andnowprocessengineeringispartofthescopeofhiswork.
BarbaraFredrickson,authorofPositivityandaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,saysit’scrucialforpeopletopayattentiontotheirworkdayemotions.“Doingso,”shesays,“willhelpyoudiscoverwhichaspectsofyourworkaremostlife-giving—andmostlife-draining.”
Manyofusgetstuckinruts(惯例).Berg,aPh.D.studentattheWhartonSchoolattheUniversityofPennsylvaniawhohelpeddevelopthejob-craftingmethodology,saysweallbenefitfromperiodicallyrethinkingwhatwedo.“Eveninthemostconstrainingjobs,peoplehaveacertainamountofwiggleroom,”hesays.“Smallchangescanhavearealimpactonlifeatwork.”
Step2:
DiagramYourDay
Tolaythegroundworkforchange,job-craftingparticipantsassemblediagramsdetailingtheirworkdayactivities.Thefirstobjectiveistodevelopnewinsightsaboutwhatyouactuallydoatwork.Thenyoucandreamupfreshwaystointegratewhatthejob-craftingexercisecallsyour“strengths,motivesandpassions”intoyourdailyroutine.Youconverttasklistsintoflexiblebuildingblocks.Theendresultisan“after”diagramthatcanserveasamapforspecificchanges.
InaLockau-Vogel,amanagementconsultantwhoparticipatedinarecentjob-craftingworkshop,saystheexercisehelpedheradjustherpriorities.“Before,IwouldspendsomuchtimereactingtorequestsandfocusingonurgenttasksthatIneverhadtimetoaddresstherealimportantissues.”Aspartofthejob-craftingprocess,shedecidedonastrategyfordelegatingandoutsourcing(外包)moreofheradministrativeresponsibilities.
Incontrasttobusinessbooksthatcounselmanagerstoinfluenceworkersthroughincentives,job-craftingfocusesonwhatemployeesthemselvescandotore-envisionandadjustwhattheydoeveryday.GiventhataccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,itnowtakestheaveragejobseekermorethansixmonthstofindanewposition,it’scrucialtomakethemostofthejobyou’vegot.
Step3:
IdentifyJobLovesandHates
Byreorienting(使适应)howyouthinkaboutyourjob,youfreeyourselfupfornewideasabouthowtorestructureyourworkdaytimeandenergy.TakeanITworkerwhohatesdealingwithtechnologicallyincompetentcallers.Hemightenjoyteachingmorethancustomerservice.Byspendingmoretimeinstructingcolleagues—andtreatinghelp-linecallersascuriousstudentsoftech—thedisgruntledITpersoncanmakethemostofhis9-to-5position.
Dutton,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan’sRossSchoolofBusiness,saysshehasseenlocalauto-industryworkersbenefitfromthejob-craftingprocess.“Theycomeinlookingworndown,butafterspendingtwohoursonthisexercise,theycomeawaythinkingaboutthreeorfourthingstheycandodifferently.”
“Theystarttorecognizetheyhavemorecontrolovertheirworkthantheyrealized,”saysDutton,whopartneredwithWrzesniewskiontheoriginaljob-craftingresearch.
Step4:
PutYourIdeasintoAction
Toconcludethejob-craftingprocess,participantslistspecificfollow-upsteps.Manyplanaone-on-onemeetingwithasupervisortoproposenewprojectideas.Othersconnectwithcolleaguestotalkabouttradingcertaintasks.Bergsaysaslongastheirgoalsaremet,manymanagersarehappytoletemployeesadjusthowtheywork.
Job-craftingisn’taboutrevenue,perse,butjuicingup(活跃)employeeengagementmayendupbeefingupthebottomline.Amidsalary,jobandbenefitcuts,moreandmoreworkersaredisgruntled.Surveysshowthatmorethan50%aren’thappywithwhattheydo.Dutton,BergandWrzesniewskiarguethatemphasizingenjoymentcanboostefficiencybyloweringturnoverratesandjackingupproductivity.Job-craftingwon’tridyouofalousybossorasubparsalary,butitdoesoffersomeremediesforjobdissatisfaction.Ifyoucan’tditchorswitchajob,atleastmakeitmorelikable.
1.Alongtimeagowhenapersonhatedhis/herjob,whatwouldhe/shedo?
[A]Resignorbearit.[C]Doitwellorquit.
[B]Arguewiththeboss.[D]Complaineveryday.
2.WhatdoesAmyWrzesniewskithinkaboutjob?
[A]It’salistofthingstodo.[C]It’salistofresponsibilities.
[B]Itcouldbeadjusted.[D]It’sabouttalkingwithothers.
3.What’syourfirstthingtodointhejob-craftingprocess?
[A]Tothinkaboutyourjobwholly.[C]Toanalyzehowmuchtimeyouspend.
[B]Toanalyzeyourenergyandattention.[D]Tothinkaboutwhattodo.
4.TheideaofamaintenancetechnicianatBud’sBeesturnedouttobe______
[A]partofhisjobdescription[C]uselesstothesupervisor
[B]helpfulandenergy-efficient[D]life-draining
5.What’sBerg’ssuggestionaboutwork?
[A]Togetstuckinruts.[C]Torethinkandmakesmallchanges.
[B]Topayattentiontotheemotions.[D]Totakethemostconstrainingjobs.
6.AccordingtoInaLockau-Vogel,what’sthebenefitfromjob-crafting?
[A]Ithelpsheruseheradministrativeresponsibilities.
[B]Ithelpsheradjusthertimetodowhatshewants.
[C]Ithelpshermakedecisionsaboutcompanystrategy.
[D]Ithelpshersetprioritiesproperly.
7.AccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,what’sthesituationinjobmarket?
[A]Itisdifficulttofindajob.[C]Job-craftinghelpsyoufindajob.
[B]It’seasytofindanewposition.[D]Outsourcingjobsareveryhot.
8.Duttonhasseenthatlocalauto-industryworkersprofitfromthejob-craftingprocess.
9.AccordingtoBerg,ifthejob-craftingprocessissuccessful,thesupervisorsarewillingtoletemployeesadjustwhattodo.
10.Ifyoucantquityourjob,usingjob-craftingmayatleastoffersomeremediesforjobdissatisfaction.
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
11.[A]Inthelaundry.[B]Inthetailor’s.
[C]Inthedepartmentstore.[D]Athome.
12.[A]Itstartedtorainwhenshewasatthebeach.[B]She’dlikethemantogotothebeachwithher.
[C]Theforecastcallsformoreraintomorrow.[D]Shewon’tgotothebeachtomorrowifitrains.
13.[A]Therewillbeashortdelay.[B]Therewillbealongdelay.
[C]Theflighthasbeencanceled.[D]Theconditionisstilluncertain.
14.[A]Heusuallyassignshomework.[B]Hedidn’tteachclasstoday.
[C]Heusuallytalksquietly.[D]Henoticedthatthestudentsdidn’tdotheirhomework.
15.[A]Gohometogetabook.[B]Returnabooktothelibrary.
[C]Askthelibrarianforhelpinfindingabook.[D]Takeabookfromthelibraryforthewoman.
16.[A]Shopfornewclothes.[B]Losesomeweight.
[C]Havehisjeansaltered.[D]Wearclothesthatfitmoretightly.
17.[A]Hehasalreadytakenapictureoftheflowers.[B]Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethecamera.
[C]Hedoesn’tthinktheflowersarebeautiful.[D]Hedoesnothaveanymorefilmleft.
18.[A]Decidewhichmovietosee.[B]Orderhisfoodquickly.
[C]Gotoalatermovie.[D]Gotoadifferentrestaurant.
Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
19.[A]Aclasspresentationthey’repreparing.[C]Visitingaclosefriendoftheirs.
[B]Atelevisionprogramthemaniswatching.[D]Studyingforatest.
20.[A]He’stakingabreakfromstudying.[B]Hehasalreadyfinishedstudying.
[C]Hewasassignedtowatchaprogrambyhisprofessor.
[D]He’sfindingoutsomeinformationforafriend.
21.[A]Hedidn’tknowthatshewasenrolledinalinearalgebracourse.
[B]Hethoughtshepreferredtostudyalone.
[C]Hethoughtshehadmadearrangementstostudywith.
[D]Hehadtoldherthathehaddonepoorlyonarecenttest.
22.[A]HeandElizabethquarreledrecently.
[B]HeheardElizabethdidpoorlyonthelasttest.
[C]Hedoesn’twant
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