Urinalysis cmu尿液分析.docx
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Urinalysis cmu尿液分析.docx
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Urinalysiscmu尿液分析
Thecontentsofurinalysis
PhysicsExamination
Urinevolume、Odor、Color、Transparency、pH、SG
ChemicalExamination
Urineprotein、glucose、ketone、hemoglobin、bilirubin、urobilinogen(Drychemistryordipstickurinalysis)
MicroscopicExaminationofthesediment
Cell、cast、crystal(urinesedimentanalyzer)
Urinecytochemistry、immunologyexamination
Contents
●Introduction
●Clinicalapplicationofurinalysis
●Thecontentsofurinalysis
●Collectionofurine
●Preservationofurine
●Urinaryphysicalexamination
●Urinarychemicalexamination
●Urinarysedimentexamination
TheMainPoints(※)
Classificationandclinicalsignificanceofurinevolume.
Classificationandclinicalsignificanceofhematuria,proteinuriaandglucosuria.
Classificationandclinicalsignificanceofurinesediment.
●TheDifficultPoints
●Hematuria,proteinuria.
●Featureofformedelementsofurine
Section1Introduction
●Clinicalapplicationofurinalysis
●Thecontentsofurinalysis
●Collectionofurine
●Preservationofurine
TheClinicalApplicationofUrinalysis
Assistingdiagnosis,observingtheeffectoftreatmentandtheprognosisofurinarysystemdiseases
inflammation、stone、tumor,renaltransplantation
Assistingdiagnosisofothersystemicdiseases
diabetesmellitus→glucoseinurine
Jaundice→bilirubinandurobilinogen
Pancreatitis→urinaryamylase
Monitoringtoxicityofmedicinesforthetreatment
Sulfonamideoraminoglycosides
Generalevaluationofhealth
CollectionofUrine
●Preparation
●Nottotakemedicineordrinktoomuchwater
●Notonaperiod
●Avoidcontaminationofvaginaldischarge,prostaticfluid,semenorfeces
●Container
●Beclean
●Dehydrated
●Havenoleakage
●Transparentplasticcup(>50ml)
●Asepticcontainerforbacterilogicaltest
TypesofUrineSample
●Morningurine:
forallurinarytest
●Randomurine:
atanytimeoftheday
●24-hoururine:
determinecertainsolutesbecauseofdiurnalvariations.
●Urinevolumeisneededatthesametime.
●Cleanmidstreamurine(清洁中段尿):
forurinarybacteriaculture.Wipeoffvulvaandurethral.
PreservationofUrine
●Antisepsis
●Urinesediment:
5~10mlof400mg/LFormaldehyde(甲醛)per1Lurine甲醛还原尿糖,不能用于尿糖防腐
●Glucoseorprotein:
5~20mlofToluene(甲苯)per1Lurine
●Time
Coldstorage:
2~8℃<6h
avoidformationofurateorphosphatecrystal
UrinaryPhysicalExaminations
●Volume
●Urineappearance
●Odor
●Urineacidity
●Specificgravity(SG)
※Part1UrineVolume
●Normal:
1~2L/24h
●Abnormal:
●Polyuria(多尿):
>2.5L/24h
●Oliguria(少尿):
<400ml/24hor17ml/h
●Anuria(无尿):
<100ml/24h
ClinicalSignificances
Polyuria
●Transient:
toomuchwater,transfusion
●Endocrinediseases:
diabetesinsipidus(lowADH)ordiabetesmellitus(osmoticdiuresis)
●Renaldiseases:
chronicpyelonephritis
●Diuretic
OliguriaandAnuria
●Renaldiseases:
nephritis,uremia
●Prerenal:
shock,congestiveheartfailure
●Postrenal:
obstructionoftheurinarytract(stones,carcinoma)
※Part2.UrineAppearance
Urineappearanceinnormalurine
Normalurineappearance
●Color:
Lightyelloworyellow(Dependingondietsordrugs)
●Transparency:
clear
Urineappearanceinabnormalurine
●Hematuria
●HemoglobinuriaandMyoglobinuria
●Bilirubinuriaandurobilinogenuria
●Pyuriaandbacteriuria
●Chyluriaandlipiduria
AbnormalUrineAppearance
※
(1)Hematuria:
尿液内含有一定量的RBC,可呈淡红色云雾状、洗肉水样或混有血凝块
●Normal:
noortraceRBC
●Hematuria:
presenceofintactRBCs,hemoglobinormyoglobin.
●Microscopichematuria(镜下血尿):
averageRBC>3/HPF
●Macroscopichematuria(肉眼血尿):
blood≥1ml/Lurine
Color:
brightredorpinktoatea-coloredbrown
Pseudohematuria:
shouldberuledout
ClinicalSignificances
●Transienthematuria:
toomuchexercise,infections,ortrauma
●Urinarysystemdiseases:
glomerularnephritis,renaltuberculosis,renalstone,tumour,cystitis,pyelonephritis
●Bloodsystemdiseases:
hemophilia、aplasticanemia、leukemia
TheDifferentiationofHematuriaOrigin
initialUrethral
Three-glasstestterminalbladder、prostate
totalKidney、ureter
※
(2)HemoglobinuriaandMyoglobinuria浓茶色,红葡萄酒色,酱油色
Hemoglobinuria
●Causes:
freehemoglobin.Hb>0.3mg/L
●Clinicalsignificance
●Intravascularhemolysis:
transfusionreaction,paroxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria(PNH)orhemolyticanemia.
●Othercauses:
burns,intensephysicalactivity,parasiteinfectionsandtrauma
Myoglobinuria
●Causes:
freemyoglobin.,sometimesaccompaniedbyhemoglobinuria
●Clinicalsignificance
●Muscletissuetrauma:
surgery,injurycrushes,acutemyocardialinfarction,musclediseaseandidiopathicparoxysmalmyoglobinuria.
☆TheDifferentiationbetweenHemoglobinuriaandMyoglobinuria
●Screeningtests
●Myoglobinqualitytest肌红蛋白的质量测试
●UrinaryOccultbloodtest尿隐血试验
●Results
HemoglobinuriaMyoglobinqualitytest肌红蛋白质量试验:
(-)
Occ
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