APA正文格式样例doc.docx

APA正文格式样例doc.docx

《APA正文格式样例doc.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《APA正文格式样例doc.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

APA正文格式样例doc

APA正文格式样例

1.Introduction

Idiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybecomeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish（Zhang,2009,p.8）.Forexample:

“Asamansows,soheshallreap”canbetranslatedinto“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot”istranslatedas“趁热打铁”,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart”canbetranslatedinto“路遥知马力,日久见人心”.Nowadays,withtheprosperingofinternationalcommunication,theactivityofidiomtranslationhasbecomeespeciallyfrequentandimportant.However,idiomsarestronglycombinedwithspecificculture,whichoftenleadstogreatdifficultyintranslation.Thus,studyingtherelationsbetweenidiomsandafewimportantculturalaspectssuchashistoricalbackgrounds,geographicalconditions,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,etc.willhelpustounderstandtheculturalelementsinidioms.

Sincecultureplayssoimportantaroleininterculturalcommunication,theculturalfactorsindifferentlanguageshavebeenattractingmoreandmoreattentionoflinguisticscholars.Inordertomakeinterculturalcommunicationmoresuccessful,manyscholarshavebecomeinterestedinthestudyofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesencodedindifferentlanguages.Thestudyofculturalfactorsindifferentlanguagesisofsignificanceininterculturalcommunicationaswellasotherdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,languageacquisition,etc.

ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.

2.Theculturalbackgroundsinidioms

Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generally

sentence.Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions（Yu&Guo,1999,p.170）.括号中两个作者中间加&

2.3Therelationshipbetweenidiomandculture

Languageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.

Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后内容已省略.......

间接引用格式如下：

Oneresearcher（Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135）identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.

在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引用时，可间接引用。

如Grayson的原书找不到，但是Murzynski&Degelman在他们书中引用过，则可以在括号中标出（原作者，ascitedin后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即Murzynski&Degelman），年份，p.页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski&Degelman。

3.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms

Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.

3.1Fromlivingsurroundings

Cultureisacomplicatedsystemofknowledge,beliefsandcustoms,etc.However,naturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,andecologicalconditionissomethingthatplaysacontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Idiomsmaintainclosetieswithpeople’slivingsurroundingsandtheculturewheretheyarecreated.

3.1.1Geographicalenvironment

Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,peopleinparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsintheirculture（Zhang,1997,p.45）.Britainisanislandcountry.Itsnavigationwasintheleadinhistory（Zhang,1999,p.67）.

Ontheotherhand,ChinesepeopleliveintheAsiancontinent.Mostpeoplecan’tleadtheirliveswithoutland.以后内容已省略.........

3.1.2Climate

Climateisanotherfactorinthelivingsurrounding.InBritain,“eastwind”comesfromthenorthernpartoftheEuropeancontinent.Itsymbolizes“chilly”and“unpleasant”.SoEnglishmenhateit.However,Englishmenlike“westwind”.ItbringsspringtoBritain.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.

Inaword,differentlivingsurroundingsmayproducedifferentidiomsanddifferentcultures.

APA格式中3到5个作者的作品，引用格式如下：

第一次引用：

Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity（Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995）.

以后的引用，不用每个姓都写，只第一个就可

Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”（Franklinetal.,1995,p.135）.

3.2Fromreligiousbelief后几段已省略。

本页只为说明论文的结构，故省略了其中很多段落。

Asaculturalphenomenon,religiousbeliefsproduceanimpactonpeople’slifeandmind.Differentreligiousbeliefshavedifferentreflectionsindifferentidioms.

MostofwesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldiscreatedbyGod.TheythinkthatGodisomnipotentandsacred.以后内容已省略.......AndmanyphrasesandstoriesintheHolyBiblehavealsofunctionalasimportantsourcesofEnglishidioms.

e.g:

（1）Astheysow,sotheyreap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆.（Galatians6）

PaulwroteinhislettertoGalatiansthat,“Donotbedeceived:

Godcannotbemocked.Amanreapswhathesows.”

（2）Judas’skiss.犹大之吻（Matthew26）

Judas,oneoftheTwelve,agreestobetrayJesusthatthechiefPriestscountedoutforhimonlythirtysilvercoins.

（3）thesaltoftheearth社会中坚（Matthew5）

ThisidiomcomesfromtheBible.以后内容已省略.......

3.3Fromcustom

Everynationhasitsowncustoms.Onenation’scustomisformedthroughalonghistoryandfirmlyrootedinpeople’smind.CustomdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseareinmanyaspects.Duetothat,alotofidiomsturnoutwithvarieddress.

AmongEnglishidioms,weoftencomparepeople’sactiontothefigureofdogsuchas“youarealuckydog”（你是一个幸运儿）,“everydoghashisday”（凡人皆有得意日）,“loveme,lovemydog”（爱屋及乌）,“Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.”（有功者受赏）andsoon.Contrarytothis,thedogisakindofpettyandlowanimalinChinese.

3.4Fromvalueorientation

Frompeople’sworkingandlivingexperienceofonecountry,differentvalueshavebeenabstracted,accumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Becauseofdifferentexperiencebetweencountries,valuesoriginatefromitalsoturnsouttobelargelyvariedandeventotallyopposite,whichidiomsarebuilton,thereforealsodiffergreatly.Takepraiseforexample.Praiseisameanstogetaharmoniousinterpersonalship,andfrequentlyusedincommunication.

3.4.1Modesty

Britainasadevelopedcapitalistcountryiscoveredwithfiercesocialcompetitionsothatpeopleinthereemphasizeindividualbehaviors,achievement,andvalue.TheirvalueorientationsappeartobeincontrastwithChineseinthisaspect.

Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopleoftenmakeself-negationtoshowmodesty.Therefore,theChinesehavemoremodestlanguagethanEnglishinthesocialactivities.

3.4.2Individualism

Beingguidedandinfluencedbythespiritofcompetition,westernpeoplethinkhighlyofindividualism.IntheeyesofWesterners,individualismmeansapursuitoffreedomanddiversity,therearedifferencesofpeople’sbehavior,speech,thinking,whicharealmostsynonymouswithindividualism.以后内容已省略.......

Thesocialconditionsofwesterndevelopedcountriesleadsmanypeopletoacceptthiskindoffaith,“Everymanforhimselfandgodforusall”（人人为自己，上帝为大家）,“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”（自助者天助）,“Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfuture”（自己的命运自己掌握）,“Selfisourcentre”（自我是我们的中心）.

3.5Fromdifferentviewsoncolors

Theidiomaticphrasescanreflectthechangeofoutsideworld,thedevelopmentofpeople’sthoughtsandtheprogressofanera,anditcanalsoreflectthecolorfulworld.Thewordsrelatedtocolorareanimportantpartofidiomaticphrases;theyhavespecificfunctionsandabundantmeanings.以后内容已省略.......

Differentnationshavedifferentfeelingsoncolorsbecausetheyhavedifferentlivingenvironmentandvisualangles.Thisleadstotheidiomaticphraseshavedifferentmeanings.ItisobviousthatEnglishandChinesehavedifferentwordstodescribecolors.Forexample,Chinesepeopleloveredallthetime,becausethesunandthefirecanbringpeoplelightandwarmth.

3.6Fromdifferentdialecticalthoughts

Idiomsareusuallycloselyrelatedtodistinctivedialecticalthoughts.Idiomsfromdialecticalthoughtsarethegemsofhumanculturalheritage.ThewesternandChinesepeoplehavetheirowndialecticalthoughts,whichhaveprovidedrichandvariedmaterialsfortheiridioms,andconsequentlygiveanationalcolortotheidiomsinthetwolanguages.

Westernerswouldliketolookatthingsdialectically.Inallaspectsoflife,peopletrytheirbesttopursueaharmoniousstateintheirlives,andtheyalwaysobedienttothenature.Thisisreflectedintheidioms,suchas“givewaytosb.toavoidaconflict”（退避三舍）,“tolockthestablegateafterthehorsehasbolted”（亡羊补牢）,“thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthefence”（这山望着那山高）.

Incontrasttothewesterners,Chinesepeopleliketorecognizethingsasawholethatcan’tbeseparated.以后内容已省略.......

Fromtheexamples,peoplecanseetheChineseidiomshavestructurestabilitywhiletheEnglishidiomshavefreestyles.

4.Conclusion

WehavediscussedsomuchabouttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms.Itisanimportantissuetounderstandandhandletherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage.Meanwhile,languageisnotonlythecult