BEC中级经科版课本作文必备学习.docx
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BEC中级经科版课本作文必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧
编者按:
美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文(含毕业论文)等。
研究生presentation及seminar的机会更是占很大的比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。
如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩,是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式的教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力的优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。
反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries),本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成;而这三大部分各自内容如下:
(一)篇首:
封面(Title)
序言(Preface)
谢词(Acknowledge)
提要(Summary)
目录(TablesandAppendixes)
(二)本文:
引言(Introduction)
主体,含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section)、以及注释(Footnotes)
(三)参考资料:
参考书目(ReferencesorBibliography)
附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达的主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目。
题目可以提供研究者:
一.研究的方向
二.研究的范围
三.资料搜集的范围
四.预期研究成果
通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。
构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal的先前步骤,大纲是论文、报告的骨干,Proposal是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。
如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。
好的论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实的资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要的来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志,及会议性质的资料。
此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。
当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如Seminar式的报告。
就算是小报告,也至少应含
(一)TITLEPAGES:
包含主题名称、作者、日期
(二)Summary:
即主要的结论
(三)Introduction:
包括理论背景及内容
(四)TechnicalSections:
是论文的主体,为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。
(五)Conclusions:
即扼要的结论
(六)Appendixes:
复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项
美式报告的撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。
写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表的需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺的,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具,文书处理更是最基本的要求,因此WordforWindow、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。
此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好。
论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation),用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时。
投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众的反应,切中主题,避免太多数字的导引。
新编剑桥商务英语(中级)学生用书(经科版)
作文范文
Unit2bP26下
DearMsGoddard
WithreferencetoyourletterofNovember3,Iamwritingtothankyouforyourkindinvitation.
IwouldbeverypleasedtoacceptyourinvitationtovisitOxfordandseeTrackplusproductionfacilities.IwouldalsobeinterestedinmeetingyourcolleaguesatHeadOffice,thedesignteaminparticular.IshouldalsobedelightedtoacceptyourofferofarrangingformetoseeaplayintheWestEnd.
Unfortunately,duetoabusinesstripabroad,IamunabletocometoEnglandattheendofNovemberasyousuggested.However,asIfeelitisimportantthatwemeetbeforeChristmas,IwouldbegratefulifyoucouldtellmeifthesecondweekofDecemberwouldbesuitableforyou?
Ilookforwardtohearingfromyouagain.
Yourssincerely
PaoloFellini
Unit3aP32下
DearKorinna
Re:
OrderforFaci(314739)andCristi(315227)skirts
Thankyouforyourfaxconcerningtheaboveskirts.
IdiscussedtheproblemsregardingthetwoskirtswithMrHubnerduringhistriptoItaly.
TheskirtmadebyFacihasaslitatthebottom,whichmightmakeitdifficultifthecustomerwantedtochangethelengthoftheskirt.Wethereforeagreedthatthevendorwouldhavetosupplytheskirtintwodifferentlengths.
MrHubneralsothoughtitmightbebettertoleavethetwodifferentlengthsoftheCristiskirt.Theskirthasaspecialknittingtechnique;asaresult,itmightbedifficultifthecustomerwantedtoshortenit.
WhenMrHubnerleftItaly,Ithoughtwehadsortedtheproblemsout.Iwasthereforesurprisedbyyourfaxcancellingtheothersizes.
Pleaseletmeknowifyoudefinitelywanttocanceltheotherlengthskirts.Asforreducingthetotalquantinty,IwillwaitforconfirmationoftheinformationaboutlengthsbeforeIcontactthevendors.
Thanksandbestregards.
Unit3aP36
DearAntonella
Thankyouforyourfax.Inanswertoyourqueries,Icanconfirmthatthemeasurementschartsdonotneedchangingandallknittedskirtswillnowbeproducedinastandardlength.Wewouldliketoproposeadeliverydateof30June.Doesthatsuityou?
Bestregards
Korinna
Unit3bP37
HiSteve
It’sgoodtoknowthatbusinessisgoingwell,ofcourseI’llhelp!
IthinkSue’sideacouldbeonesolutionbutwaitandlet’sdiscussittogetherinmoredetail.HowaboutameetingonFridayat10aminmyoffice?
Seeyouthen.
Barbara
Unit4bP50下
DearMrDowne
IampleasedtobeabletoinviteyoutothelaunchofEnglishTomorrow.theexcitingnewmulti-levelCD-ROMprogramforbusinessEnglishlearners.EnglishTomorrowispublishedbyTalkInternationalincooperationwithBookersPublishers.
Theofficiallaunchwilltakeplaceat3pmon25thJulyatThtRoyalBellHotel.SouthHarford,Somerset.
Duringtheafternoontherewillbeanopportunityforyoutotryoutthematerial.Moreover,thedesigners-MarkBrightmanandSallyWaters,andrepresentativesofBookersPublisherswillbepresenttoansweranyquestionsyoumayhave.
Yourssincerely
RuthWilliams
PRManager
Unit5aP58
AcomparisonofERSandWorldwideRelocation
Introduction
Theaimofthisreportistoassesswhichofthetwocompanies,ERSorWorldwideRelocation,wouldbethemostsuitablefortherelocationofFenwayemployeesandtheirfamiliesfromSeattletoDublin.
Findings
BothERSandWorldwideRelocationofferanaccommodationandschoolsearchservices.Bothcompaniescanorganisevisasandworkpermits.Inadditiontothesebasicservices,ERSalsooffersremovalandshippingassistancewhereasWorldwideRelocationoffersanintegretionprogrammeandassistancewithpartneremployment.ThelatterisakeyrequirementforFenway.
Conclusion
ItwasconcludedthatbothcompaniesgosomewaytofulfillingFenway’sneeds,butneithermeetsallitsneeds.
Recommendation
WewouldrecommendthatWorldwideRelocationsbechosentofacilitatetherelocationprocessasitsservicesmatchFenway’srequirementsmorecloselythanERS’do.
Unit5bP60上
4placeJeanMoulin
DearMrSlater
Iamwritingtosaythat,afterhavingvisitedthesite,mycompanyisveryinterestedinrentingtheofficepremisesat4placeJeanMoulin.However,Iwouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldgivemesomefurtherinformation.
Firstly,woulditbepossibleforyoutotellmewhichcompaniessharethesite?
Couldyoualsotellmehowmanyfloorsthereareinthebuildingintotal?
Weareonlyinterestedinrentingasinglefloorofthebuilding.Wouldthisbepossible?
Yousaythepropertyisneartwometrostations.Pleasecanyoutellmewhichtheyare?
Iwouldalsoliketoknowwheretheadditionalsurfacecar-parkingisexactly.
Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.
Yourssincerely
ExamfocusP78下
To:
SalesTeam
From:
HugeJones,AssistantSalesManager
Unfortunately,Ihavetopostponenextweek’ssalesmeeting.IhavetogotoMunichearlyintheweekbecauseRosemaryisill.I’llbebackonThursday.CouldwethereforehaveourmeetingonFridayateleveno’clock?
Unit6aP86下
RamsdenBreweriesandButeChemicals:
InvestmentPotential
Introduction
Thisreportaimstoassesswhichcompany,eitherRamsdenBreweriesorButeChemicals,thiscompanyshouldinvestin.
Ramsden
Thecompanyhadmixedresultslastyear;althoughturnoverincreasedbyapproximately25%,netprofitrosebylessthan4%.However,restructuringmaybeabletoeliminatetheseinefficienciesandexpectedgrowthinthedrinksindustrysuggestsopportunitiesforincreasedprofits.
Bute
Resultsweredisappointing,withturnoverandprofitbothfallingslightly.Nevertheless,thecompanymanagedtoincreaseitsdividendtoshareholders.Therumouredmergerseemslikelytopushupthesharepriceconsiderably.
Conclusion
Despitethemergerrumours,anyinvestmentinButeChemicalswouldinvolvearisk.
Ramasden,ontheotherhand,despiteitspresentinefficiency,isstillprofitableandhasdefinitepotentialforfurthergrowth.
Recommendation
WewouldrecommendinvestmentinRamsdenBreweries.
Unit6bP90下
Environmentalperformance
Introduction
Thisreportsetsouttocompareourenvironmentalperformanceoverthelastfouryearswiththetargetswhichwehavesetoutfornextyear.
Wastereduction
Therewasanincreaseinnon-hazardouswastethreeyearsago,thiswasduetoby-productsresultingfromthenewprocessingsystem.Althoughtheamounthasfallensteadilysincethenitseemsunlikelythatnextyear’stargetlevelwillbeachieved.
Incontrast,theintroductionofthenewwasteprocessingsystemenabledustoreducehazardouswastetotargetlevelsthreeyearsago.
Energydfficiency
Energyconsumptionhasdecreasedsteadilyanditseemslikelythattargetlevelswillbereachedbynextyear.
Conclusion
Inconclusion,themeasuretakenhaveledtosignificantenvironmentalimprovements.Itisexpectedthatmosttargetswillbeachievedorexceededbynextyear.
Unit7bP101上
Memo
To:
Allstaff
From:
CharlesDyer
Date:
7July2000
Re:
Smokingpolicy
Asthereareonlytwosmokersinthisbuilding,theyhaveagreedtosmokeoutside.However,theywillneedregularcigarettebreaks.Pleaseconsidersmokerswhenorganisingmeetings.
Youareadvisedtoplanbreaksatleasteverytwohours.
Unit8aP110
To:
Allstaff
From:
RogerHargreaves
Re:
Expenses
MayIremindallstsffthatyouneedtoincludereceiptswithallexpensesclaims.Claimswillnotbeacceptedwithoutreceipts.Expensesarenowallpaidbychequeratherthanincashanditwilltakeapproximatelytwoweekstoprocesseachclaim.
Thankyou.
Unit9bP126下
To:
allmanagers
Subject:
StaffAppraisals
Iwouldliketoremindyouthatyoushouldbeholdingyourstaffappraisalsthismonth.Onceyouhavecompletedthemcouldyoupleasesendmeacopyofeachreport?
Ifyouwouldliketouseaninterviewroompleaseremembertoreserveitinadvance.Thankyou.
英语作文常用谚语、俗语
1、Aliarisnotbelievedwhenhespeaksthetruth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
2、Alittleknowledgeisadangerousthing.一知半解,自欺欺人。
3、Allriversrunintosea.海纳百川。
4、AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马。
5、Allworkand
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