考点04 限制性定语从句巅峰冲刺江苏省高考英语一轮考点解析版.docx
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考点04 限制性定语从句巅峰冲刺江苏省高考英语一轮考点解析版.docx
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考点04限制性定语从句巅峰冲刺江苏省高考英语一轮考点解析版
考点04限制性定语从句
1、【知识精讲】
(一)定义
1.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
2.定语从句:
修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。
定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的词称为关系词。
关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why。
关系词的作用:
1.引导定语从句。
2.代替先行词。
3.在定语从句中担当某一成分。
4.关系词的具体用法表
关系词
词形
所修饰的先行词
在从句中的作用
关系代词
that
指人或物
作主语;宾语;表语
which
指物
作主语;宾语;表语
who
指人
作主语;宾语(口语中);表语
whom
指人
作宾语
whose
指人或物
作定语
as
指人或物
作主语;宾语;表语
关系副词
when
指时间名词
作时间状语
where
指地点名词
作地点状语
why
reason
作原因状语
注意:
引导定语从句关系词选择的关键:
判断定语从句中所缺的成分
(二)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在定语从句中做主语。
如:
TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromSeniorGradeOne.
YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.
Mr.Lingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中也可用who代替,可省略。
Theman(who/whom)youmetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中充当主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中充当主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearisincreasing.
Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?
Footballisagamethat/whichispopularallovertheworld.
Englishisoneofthesubjects(that/which)Ilikebest.
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
Ioncelivedinahousewhosewallswerepaintedblue.
(三)关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词when,where,why分别在定语从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
when=表时间的介词(如:
in,at,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:
in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:
for)+which。
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
(四)关系代词只能用that,而不用which
1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,something,all,none,little,much,theone等不定代词时;
HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
Thereseemstobenothingintheworldthatisimpossibleforhim.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
Thereislittlethat/(/)Icandoforyounow.
2.当先行词前面有no,every,any,all,little,few等词所修饰时;
Youcanborrowanybookthat/(/)youwanttoread.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;
Thisisthebestfilmthat/(/)Ihaveseen.
4.当先行词被序数词(thefirst/second/…thenext/last)修饰时;
Thefirst/second/lastplacethat/(/)theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
5.当先行词前面有thevery,theonly修饰时;
Thisistheverydictionarythat/(/)Iwanttobuy.
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcarwastheonlythingthat/(/)heowned.
6.当先行词前面出现了who,which等疑问代词时;
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
7.当先行词同时有人也有物时;
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythat/(/)wehavelearned?
(五)关系代词常用who,而不用that
1.当先行词是one,ones,anyone时;
Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.
Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhoshouldn’tknowit.
2.当先行词是those时。
Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.
(六)定语从句中的主谓一致
1.当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词必须与其先行词保持人称与数的一致。
I’mnotapersonwhoisafraidofdifficulty.
I,whoamyourbestfriend,willdoallthatcantohelpyou.
2.当“oneof+复数名词”作先行词,其关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词应与该复数名词保持数的一致,谓语用复数。
当“the(only/first/very)oneof+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句中的谓语动词必须用单数。
但当“notthe(only/first/very)oneof+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句中的谓语动词必须用复数。
ThatisoneoftheEnglish-Chinesedictionariesthathavebeenmostpopularinrecentyears.
ThatistheonlyoneoftheEnglish-Chinesedictionariesthathasbeenmostpopularinrecent
years.
ThatisnottheonlyoneoftheEnglish-Chinesedictionariesthathavebeenmostpopularrecently.
(七)介词+关系代词(which;whom)
关系代词做介词的宾语时,如果不是固定词组,可以把介词置于关系代词前,此时关系代词只用which(物),whom(人)。
(1)Doyouknowtheboywhom/who/that/(/)shewastalkingto?
Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?
(2)Thepencilwhich/that/(/)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.
Thepencilwithwhichhewaswritingsuddenlybroke.
注:
含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。
如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/that/(/)Iamlookingfor.
ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)
(2)Thebabieswhom/who/that/(/)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.
Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.(F)
介词的选用原则:
(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。
如:
①ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8yuan.
②ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8yuan.
(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。
①IrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.
②IrememberthedaysduringwhichIworkedasavolunteerteacherinthevillage.
③IrememberthemonthinwhichIstudiedintheBritishhighschool.
“介词+关系代词”前或后还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词,或形容词最高级,如thelargest,thehighest等。
常和of搭配,指代范围。
(1)Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(有些已经坏了)
(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.(大多数来自大城市)
(4)Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.(其中3部)
(5)Theboyhasmanydreams,thelargestofwhichistoownacompanyofhisown.(其中最大的)
whose+n先行词为人/物时,可以用“the+n+ofwhom(人)/ofwhom(人)+the+n”或者“the+n+ofwhich(物)/ofwhich+the+n”替换
(1)Hehasabrother,whosenameIcan’tremember.
thenameofwhom...
ofwhomthename...
(2)Wefoundahouse,whoseroofwasdestroyedinthestorm.
theroofofwhich...
ofwhichtheroof...
以theway(方式,方法)为先行词,且定语从句中缺状语,则定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导,而且通常可以省略。
(1)Thewayinwhich/that/(/)hehandlestheproblemwassurprising.状语
(2)Idon’tlikethewayinwhich/that/(/)youlaughather.状语
(3)Thewaythat/which/(/)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.宾语
(八)定语从句的几个易混淆的问题
1.先行词缺失
Isthisflattheonethat/which/(/)youoncelivedin?
Isthistheflatthat/which/(/)youoncelivedin?
2.主谓一致
Thosewhohavefinishedmayleavetheclassroomnow.
ThewomanwhoteachesusEnglishisJenny.
Thisisoneofthehousesthatarefreenow.
3.固定的动词短语不能拆分
Thebabyafterwhomthenurselooksishealthy.(F)
4.先行词被重复
Isthisthephotowhichyoutookitlastweek?
(F)应去掉it
Thehousewheretheoldmanlivesinneedsrepairing.(F)应去掉in或把where改为which
5.定语从句和并列句
Hehasthreesisters,noneofwhomisadoctor.
Hehasthreesisters,butnoneofthemisadoctor.
Hehasthreesisters;noneofthemaredoctors
6.表示模糊化地点的关系副词“where”
表地点的先行词模糊化在句中作状语时用关系副词where,相当于inwhich;在句中作主语和宾语仍用关系代词。
常见的词有:
point,situation,position,profession,job,case,system,scene,activity,society,culture,strategy,model,accident,economy,crime等。
Basketballisakindofsportwherecooperationmattersmorethanskills.
Canyouthinkofasituationwherethewordcanbeused.
(9)as引导限制性定语从句
as也可引导限制性定语从句,条件是先行词被such,thesame,as,so修饰或先行词本身是thesame,such.as是关系代词在从句中做主语,宾语或表语。
(1).Heisnotsuchamanasonlythinksofhimself.
(2).IshouldliketousethesamepenasIusedyesterday.
(3).Suchproblemsasareoftenmentionedshouldbesolved.
(4).Iwillreadasmanybooksasarerequired.
(5).Itissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.
比较:
Itissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(“so/such…….that..+完整的句子”如此…以至于”引导结果状语从句。
)
(6).ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.(2本不同的书)
比较:
ThisisthesamebookthatIlentyouyesterday.(同一本书)
二、【典例精练】
1.(2019江苏卷)Wehaveenteredintoanage_______dreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。
句意:
我们已经进入到了一个时代,在这个时代梦想实现的机会
大。
句中先行词为anage(一个时代),且先行词在从句中做时间状语,所以关系词用when。
2.(2019·天津卷)Theirchildisatthestage__________shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。
句意:
他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。
句中shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences是一个定语从句,先行词是thestage,关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,用关系副词where。
3.(2019·全国2卷)NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,_________sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。
分析句子结构可知,先行词为thepetshop,在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语,故用which。
4.(2019·全国2卷)Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasters________hadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。
句意:
它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。
先行词为masters(主人),且从句缺主语。
故关系词填who。
5.(2019全国1卷)Oneafternoon_______Iwasinprimaryschool,Iwaswalkingbytheschoolplayground.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。
先行词oneafternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语,所以关系词使用when。
6.(2019全国3卷)Inthecafe,customerswillenjoythemselvesinthehistoricalenvironment_______iscreatedforthem.
【答案】that/which
【解析】本句考查定语从句。
先行词environment在从句中做主语,指物,关系代词用that/which。
7.(2019浙江卷)Ontheedgeofthejacket,thereisapieceofcloth________givesofflightinthedark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。
这是个限制性定语从句,先行词是cloth,指物,从句中缺少主语,因此,可以用that或which引导。
8.(2019北京卷)Whatstudentsdoatcollegeseemstomattermuchmorethan________theygo.
【答案】where
【解析】考查宾语从句。
句意:
学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。
这里表达去哪所大学,表示地点,作状语。
故用where。
9.(2019北京卷)Thestudentsbenefitingmostfromcollegearethose_______aretotallyengagedinacademiclife.
【答案】who/that
【解析】考查定语从句。
句意:
从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。
________aretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife.是定语从句,修饰先行词those,空格处在句中作主语,代指人,故填who或that。
10.(2018江苏卷)Self-drivingis an area_______
China and the rest of the world are on the same startingline.
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。
句意:
自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。
句中先行词为area,在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where,相当于inwhich。
11.(2018全国1卷)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014_______showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。
此处astudy是先行词,其在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。
12.(2018全国1卷)Theyalsohadasm
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