最新英语语言学复习总结.docx
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最新英语语言学复习总结.docx
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最新英语语言学复习总结
1、Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:
linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
Itisascientificstudiesbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypotheses,thusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.
Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.
2、Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)
(1)Arbitrariness
----Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.
-----Nonaturalandinevitablelinkbetweenthesoundandthemeaning
Exception:
OnomatopoeicwordsandSomecompoundwords.
(2)Productivity/creativity
Wecanspeakanendlessnumberofsentenceswithalimitedvocabularyandonesentencecanexpandintoendlesstheoreticallypossiblesentencesinthewayofrecurring
Exception:
andbeedancingisusedonlytoindicatefoodsources,whichistheonlykindofmessagethatcanbesentthroughthedancing.
(3)Duality
▪Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)
▪Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)
Exception:
thegroupingofthethreesounds/k/,/a:
/,and/p/canmeaneitherakindoffish(crap),orapublicplaceforrestandamusement(park).
(4)Displacement
Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
Exception:
Yesterdaywhichbookdidyouread?
(5)Culturaltransmission
LanguagecantransmitCulturewhichthelanguagecontains.
Exception;anEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.
3、wordformation
(1)Compound
Itreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform. icecream,sunrise,paperbag
(2) Derivation
Itreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.
Unconscious,national,nationalize
(3)Blending
Itreferstotheformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.
Smoke+fog=smog烟雾
(4)Abbreviation
1)cuttingthefinalpart(orwithaslightvariation) advertisement-----ad
2)cuttingtheinitialpart aeroplane-----plane
3)cuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly refrigerator----fridge
(5)Acronym(I)
Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.WB:
WorldBank
Acronym(II)
Thisprocessisalsowidelyusedinshorteningextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technologyandotherspecialfields.VAT:
valueaddedtax增殖税
(6)Back-formation
Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage
Editor------edit
(7)Borrowing
Latin:
cancer,page,i.e.(thatis)e.g.(forexample)etc.(etcetera)
Chinese:
taji,chowmein,kung-fu
Japanese:
Judo
French,German,Italian,Spanish
(8)Invention
Sinceeconomicactivitiesarethemostimportantanddynamicinhumanlife,manynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnamessuchasKodak,Coke,nylon,andotherstocopewiththeInventionofnewentities.
4.XPrule
1.XPrule:
specifier+head+complement
2.XPrule:
(Specifier)X’
X’àX(complement)
3.XPrule:
(Specifier)X(Complement*)
4.XPrule:
(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)
Complement:
(ingrammar)thatpartofthesentencewhichfollowstheverbandwhichthuscompletesthesentence.
Features:
Ø oneormorecomplementsarepermitted
Ø (eg.Astoryaboutasentimentalgirlwithpurpleumbrella…)
Ø wordsthatcantakeCParenotverbsalone.As,NsandPscanalltakeCP
Ø (e.g.takeit;poorasachuchmouse;themanwithhat;rightnearthefireplace)
Ø Acertainlexicalitemrequiresacertaintypeofcomplement.
Ø (e.g.cometoschool;gotobed;lookthroughit)
Modifier:
isusedtospecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.
ModifierpositioninEnglish
Modifier
Position
example
AP
Precedesthehead
averycarefulgirl
PP
Followsthehead
openwithcare
AdvP
Precedesorfollowsthehead
readcarefully;carefullyread
5.请从Behaviorism的角度来举例说明其意义:
Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.”
S__TangWanyi_____r--------s______Vicky______R
WhenTangWanyiseesanappleandwantstohaveit,shehasaphysicalstimulus,(representedbythecapitalletters),whichgivesrisetoaverbalresponse(r)toVicky.Forinstance,shemightsaytoVicky”I’mthirsty”.WhatshesaysresultsinaverbalstimulustoVicky(representedbythesmallletterS).Thisstimulus,initsturn,leadstoanon-verbalresponsefromVicky,suchaspickingtheappleforher.
6.synonymy(同义现象)
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms
1)Dialectalsynonyms----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects(地区方言)
autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline地方
2)Stylisticsynonyms----synonymsdifferinginstyle,(文体风格上不同)
kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;
3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning(examplesinMandarin)(情感上和评价判断上的不同)
合作者/同谋;结果/下场;鼓励/…;领袖/…;赞扬/…团结
4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配意义上的不同)
Agroupofpeople;aherdofwolves;aswarmofbees
5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms(语义不同)
surprise/astonish;finish/complete
7、locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,perlocutionaryact
Forexample,“Itiscoldinhere.”
Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaning“theweatherisclodinhere”;
Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearer“toshutthewindow”;
Itsperlocutionaryactistheeffectbroughtabout;itcanbe“thehearer’sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest”.
(作业本)
Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen
① thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakerishisutteranceofallthewords”you”,”have”,”door”,”open”,etc.thusexpressingwhatthewordsliterallymean
② theillocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhatbymakingsuchanutterancehehasexpressedhisintentionofspeaking.i.e.askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.
③ Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffect(result)oftheutterance.Itcanbe“thehearerclosethedoororrefusetocomplywiththerequest.
8、FourmaximsofCP(I)
Themaximofquality
----Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
----Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
Themaximofquantity
----Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange.
----Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
Themaximofrelation
----Berelevant(makeyourcontributionrelevant).
Themaximofmanner
----Avoidobscurityofexpression.
----Avoidambiguity.
----Bebrief.
----Beorderly.
(先判断在分析,先判断是不是relation从literalmeaning是不是同一个主题)
Conversationalimplicature会话含义,言外之意;会话含意
Inrealcommunication,however,speakersdonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.Thesemaximscanbeviolatedforvariousreasons.Whenanyofthemaximsisviolated,i.e.boththespeakerandthehearerareawareoftheviolation,ourlanguagebecomesindirect,thenconversationalimplicaturearises.
填空,definition 判断 选择
Phonetics:
thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtoestablishmentofphonetics
Phonology:
howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.
Morphology:
isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaningmorphemesandword-formationprocesses
Syntax:
thestudyofhowwordcombinetoformsentencesandtheruleswhichgoverntheformationofsentences.
Semantics:
itexamineshowmeaningisencodedinlanguage.Itisconcernedwith1)meaningsofthewords.2)levelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit
Pragmatics:
thestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationinwhichtheyareused.
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch
Psycholinguistics:
relatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenweuselanguage,how….,how…
Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学
----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”
--------speaking
Acousticphonetics声学语音学;
----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.
-------sounding
Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学
----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”
--------listening
Classificationofconsonants
----Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:
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