美国文学名词解释.docx
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美国文学名词解释.docx
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美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释
AmericanDream:
Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/sheworkshardenough.Itusuallyimpliesasuccessfulandsatisfyinglife.ItusuallyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism(资本主义),itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,(知识界精华)andthefreedomsguaranteedbytheU.S.BillofRights.
AmericanPuritanism清教主义:
Puritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthepuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheprotestantchurchwhowantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrinesofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.Americanliteratureinthe17thcenturymostlyconsistedofPuritanliterature.PuritanismhadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofnationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.
Transcendentalism超验主义:
Transcendentalismwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,cultureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearlytomiddle19thcentury.TranscendentalistsspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheworld.ItstressedtheimportanceofindividualandofferedafreshperceptionnatureadsymbolicofthespiritofGod.ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThorough.
AmericanNaturalism自然主义:
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Thenaturalistsattempttoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbyenvironmentandheredity.Itemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,themenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.ThepessimismanddeterministicideasnaturalismpervadedtheworksofsuchAmericanwritersasStephenCraneandTheodoreDreiser.
AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义文学):
TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.2)naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.3>Dreiserisaleadingfigureofhisschool.
TheGildedAge镀金时代:
theGildedAgereferstotheeraofrapideconomicandpopulationgrowthintheUnitedStatesduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionerasofthelate19thcentury.Theterm"GildedAge"wascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book,TheGildedAge:
ATaleofToday.TheGildedAgeismostfamousforthecreationofamodernindustrialeconomy.TheendoftheGildedAgecoincidedwiththePanicof1893,adeepdepression.Thedepressionlasteduntil1897andmarkedamajorpoliticalrealignmentintheelectionof1896.AfterthatcametheProgressiveEra.
TheLostGeneration:
TheLostGenerationisagroupofexpatriateAmericanwritersresidingprimarilyinParisduringthe1920sand1930s.ThegroupwasgivenitsnamebytheAmericanwriterGertrudeStein,whoused“alostgeneration”torefertoexpatriateAmericansbitterabouttheirWorldWarIexperiencesanddisillusionedwithAmericansociety.HemingwaylaterusedthephraseasanepigraphforhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.ItconsistedofmanyinfluentialAmericanwriters,includingErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandArchibaldMacLeish.
TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代):
ThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:
menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.2>fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.3>thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,HemingwayandJohndosPassos.
Tragedy:
ingeneral,aliteraryworkinwhichtheprotagonistmeetsanunhappyordisastrousend.Unlikecomedy,tragedydepictstheactionsofacentralcharacterwhoisusuallydignifiedorheroic.Throughaseriesofevents,thistragicheroisbroughttoafinaldownfall.Thecausesofthetragichero’sdownfallvary.Intraditionaldramas,thecausecanbefate,aflawincharacteroranerrorinjudgment.Inmoderndramas,wherethetragicheroisoftenanordinaryindividual,thecausesrangefrommoralorpsychologicalweaknesstotheevilsofsociety.
Catch-22第22条军规:
Catch-22isageneralcritiqueofbureaucraticoperationandreasoning.Resultingfromitsspecificuseinthebook,thephrase"Catch-22"iscommonidiomaticusagemeaning"ano-winsituation"or"adoublebind"ofanytype.ThetermwasoriginallyfromJosephHeller’santinovelCatch-22.
BeatGeneration垮掉的一代:
groupofAmericanwritersofthe1950swhosewritingexpressedprofounddissatisfactionwithcontemporaryAmericansocietyandendorsedanalternativesetofvalues.Thetermsometimesisusedtorefertothosewhoembracedtheideasofthesewriters.TheBeatGeneration'sbest-knownfigureswerewritersAllenGinsbergandJackKerouac.
TheBeatGeneration(垮掉的一代):
ThemembersofTheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines.Whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.2>TheBeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforitsnon-conformingstyle.3>themajorbeatwritingsareAllenGinsberg’showl.HowlbecamethemanifestoofTheBeatGeneration.
PsychologicalRealism心理现实主义:
itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.Itplacesmorethantheusualamountofemphasisoninteriorcharacterizationandonthemotives,andinternalactionwhichspringsfromanddevelopsexternalaction.InPsychologicalRealism,characterandcharacterizationaremorethanusuallyimportant.HenryJamesisconsideredagreatmasterofpsychologicalrealism.
FreeVerse自由诗体:
freeverseispoetrythathasanirregularrhythmandlinelengthandthatattemptstoavoidanypredeterminedversestructure,instead,itusesthecadencesofnaturalspeech.Whileitalternatesstressedandunstressedsyllablesasstricterverseformdo,freeversedosesoinalooserway.WaltWhitman’spoetryisanexampleoffreeverse.
ConfessionalPoetry自白诗:
itisatypeofmodernpoetryinwhichpoetsspeakwithopennessandfranknessabouttheirownlives,suchasinpoemsaboutillness,sexualityanddespondence.RobertLowell,SylviaPlathandAllenGinsbergandTheodoreRoethkearethemostimportantAmericanpoets.
Imagism意象派:
The1920ssawavigorousliteraryactivityinAmerica.InpoetrythereappearedastrongreactionagainstVictorianpoetry.Imagistsplacedprimaryrelianceontheuseofprecise,sharpimagesasameansofpoeticexpressionandstressedprecisioninthechoiceofwords,freedominthechoiceofsubjectmatterandform,andtheuseofcolloquiallanguage.Mostoftheimagistpoetswroteinfreeverse,usingsuchdevicesasassonanceandalliterationratherthanformalmetricalschemestogivestructuretotheirpoetry.ThemovementwhichhadtheseasitsaimsisknowninliteraryhistoryasImagism.ItsprimemoverwasEzraPound.
Imagism(意象主义):
ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandU.Saround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.2>theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.3>imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:
A.directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;B.economyofexpression;C.asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome.4>pound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knowninagistpoem.
BlackHumor:
theuseofmorbidandtheabsurdfordarklycomicpurposesinmodernfictionanddrama.Thetermrefersasmuchtothetoneofangerandbitternessasitdoestothegrotesqueandmorbidsituations,whichoftendealwithsuffering,anxiety,anddeath.BlackhumorisasubstantialelementintheAnti-novelandtheTheatreofAbsurd.JosephHeller'sCatch-22isanalmostarchetypalexample.
Irony:
acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensindramaandliterature.Therearetypesofirony:
verbalirony,dramaticironyandironyofsituation.Ironyofsituationtypicallytakestheformofadiscrepancybetweenappearanceandreality,orbetweenwhatacharacterexpectsandwhatactuallyhappens.Bothverbalandironyofsituationsharethesuggestionofaconcealedtruthconflictingwithsurfaceappearances.
Allusion:
Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.
Satire讽刺:
Akindofwritingthatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessesandwrongdoingsofindividuals,groups,institutions,orhumanityingeneral.Theaimofsatiristsistosetamoralstandardforsociety,andtheyattempttopersuadethereadertoseetheirpointofviewthroughtheforceoflaughter.
Symbol
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