形容词性从句定语从句复合句考查的重点nbsp.docx
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形容词性从句定语从句复合句考查的重点nbsp.docx
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形容词性从句定语从句复合句考查的重点nbsp
形容词性从句(定语从句)(复合句考查的重点)
定语从句是主要用来修饰它前面的先行词(名词或代词)的从句,所以又称形容词从句。
根据与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词;介词+关系代词以及非限制性定语从句。
具体考点如下:
考点一:
引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词(who,whom,which,that,whose)和关系副词(as,when,where,why)等。
但是当下列情况出现时,对引导词有特殊要求。
1.指物只能用that不用which的情况
1).当先行词是不定代词时,如:
all,little,much,none,one,everyone,something,anything,everything,nothing等。
2).当先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,little,few,no,等修饰时。
3).当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
4).在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中。
5)当定语从句为therebe句型时,关系代词只能用that,也可以省略。
Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoBeijing.
6).当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时,关系代词只能用that。
WhoisthegirlthatistalkingwithMr.Brown?
7).如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指人和物时,关系代词用that。
Wearetalkingaboutthepeopleandcountriesthatwehavevisited.
8).当先行词在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词只能用that,也可以省略。
如:
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.
2.指物只能用which不用that的情况
1).在非限制性定语从句中
2).在介词后面
3.指人时只能用who不用that的情况
1).先行词为one,ones或anyone.
2).先行词为those.
3).在therebe开头的句子中。
Eg:
ThereisamanwhocalledhimselfMr.Wuatthegate.4).在非限制性定语从句中。
4.“thesame...as”,“such...as”中的as可以指人或物,作从句的主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。
如:
Suchmoneyasheearnedwasspentonspiritsandtobacco.
Isthisthesamemosquitoasbityoujustnow?
Hewasnothalfsuchacowardaswetookhimfor.
5.why引导表示原因的定语从句,其先行词一般是reason。
当主句主语是reason时,作主句表语的成分不能有because和becauseof。
其结构一般为thereasonwhy…isthat…,或者thereasonthat…isthat…,如:
Hedidnottellusthereasonwhyhewaslateagain.
Thereasonwhy(that)hedidn'tcomeisthathewasill.
考点二:
在“介词+which/whom”的结构中,介词的选择取决于三种情况:
1.定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配
ThisisthecollegeinwhichIamstudying.
Heisthemanaboutwhomwearetalking.
2.先行词与介词的习惯搭配
当先行词表示“领域、方面”时,如:
aspect,respect,area,field等,用inwhich;
当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时,如:
rate,price,speed等,用atwhich;
当先行词表示“程度”时,如:
degree,extent等,用towhich;
当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时,如:
grounds,foundation,basis等,用onwhich;
Thespeedatwhichthemachineoperatesisshownonthemeter. 仪表上显示出这台机器的运转的速度。
Itisusefultobeabletopredicttheextenttowhichapricechangewillaffectsupplyanddemand.
3.当定语从句为最高级时只能用ofwhich,否则用其他介词
IhavefivedictionariesofwhichLongmanDictionaryisthebest.
IhavefivedictionariesamongwhichLongmanDictionaryispublishedinUK.
注意:
不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前,如putupwith;有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配,此时需要根据上下文来确定。
如:
befamiliarwith/to;comparewith/to。
考点三:
当先行词为表示时间的名词(如:
time,day,year,week,month,occasion)或地点的名词(如:
place,room,city,country)时,一般用关系副词when或where.分别相当于inwhich,atwhich,onwhich。
但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时,则要用关系代词that或which。
Ican'tforgetthedayswhen(inwhich)Ilivedwithyou.
Canyoutellmethedaywhen(onwhich)thefirstsatellitewassentintospace?
Chinaistheonlycountrywhere(inwhich)wildpandascanbefound.
I’llneverforgetthevillagewhereIspentmychildhood.
Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat(which)IspentinBeijingUniversity.
(本句days作spend的宾语,故用关系代词that/which)
IhaveneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplacethatImostwanttovisit.(本句place作visit的宾语。
)
考点四:
非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用引导词which/as或who(指人),非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容。
as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。
Asweallknow,themoonisasatelliteoftheearth.
Thelargeareaiscoveredwiththicksnow,whichaffectspeople'slifegreatly.
Hisspeech,whichboredustodeath,wasoveratlast.
Hersister,wholivedinanothercity,wascomingtovisither.
关于非限制性定语从句,应该注意:
1.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较
IamreadingHarryPorter,whichisaninterestingbook.
Hefailedintheexam.Thatmadehisparentsangry.
Hefailedintheexam,whichmadehisparentsangry.
Hehastwosons.Bothofthemareteachers.
Hehastwosons,bothofwhomareteachers.
2.as引导的非限制性定语从句与it。
Theearthisround.Itisknowntoall.
Theearthisround,whichisknowntoall.
Asisknowntoall,theearthisround.
Itisknowntoallthattheearthisround.
as具有“正如”之意,搭配的动词一般是固定的,如:
asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected/asisreported...
3.as引导的限制性定语从句与其他从句的比较
ThisisthesamebookasIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。
(定语从句)
ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.这本书就是我丢的那本。
(定语从句)
Thisissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike./Thisissointerestingabookaswealllike.这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。
(定语从句)
Thisissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit./Thisissointerestingabookthatwealllikeit.这本书如此有趣,大家都喜欢。
(结果状语从句)
副词性从句(状语从句)
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。
一般可分为十大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式和程度。
尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。
状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词。
现分别列举如下:
1.时间状语从句
常用引导词:
when,as,while,assoonas,before,after,since,till,(until)
特殊引导词:
theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when
Ididn’trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.
WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.
Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果园)themomenttheysawtheguard.
NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.(倒装语序)
EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.
2.地点状语从句
常用引导词:
where
特殊引导词:
wherever,anywhere,everywhere
Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.
Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.
3原因状语从句
常用引导词:
because,since,as,since
特殊引导词:
seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat…
MyfriendsdislikemebecauseI’mhandsomeandsuccessful.
Nowthateverybodyhascome,let’sbeginourconference.
Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.
Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.(considering在此是连接词)
4.目的状语从句
常用引导词:
sothat,inorderthat
特殊引导词:
lest,incase,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat
Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.
Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.
5.结果状语从句
常用引导词:
so…that,such…that(so+adj./adv.置于句首,引起倒装)
特殊引导词:
suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat
Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.
It’ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.
Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tsleeplastnight.
6.条件状语从句
常用引导词:
if,unless
特殊引导词:
as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat
We’llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.
Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.
Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.
注意:
1)有时可以把祈使句作为条件从句,祈使句后面要搭配and,如:
Cometomorrow,andIwilltellyou.(=Ifyoucometomorrow,…)
Givehimaninchandhe’lltakeamile.(=Ifyougivehimaninch,he’ll…)
2)ifonly是if的强调式,通常表示说话人的愿望,如:
Ifonlyitclearsup,we’llgo.
Ifonlysomebodyhadtoldus,wecouldhavewarnedyou.
IfonlyIhadn’tbeenlateforwork.(IwishIhadn’tbeenlateforwork.)
3)在真实条件句中,从句动词通常用一般现在时表示将来时间,主句通常带有情态动词,
Ifyoumove,I’llshootyou.
IfIpressthisbutton,whatwillhappen?
Ifyoucome,youcanseeit.
Ifyoufinishearly,youmaygo.
注①当从句表示将来已经完成或正在进行的动作时,动词用现在完成时或现在进行时,
IwillreturnthebookonMondayifIhavereadit.
Thepolicewon’ttakeyourcarawayifyouaresittinginit.
注②如果从句表示现在的意图、意愿、决心等,则可以用will/shall,如:
Ifyouwillreadthebook,I’llletyouhaveit.
Ifyouwillhelpme,wecanfinishbysix.
Ifyouwillgiveupsmoking/drinking,yourhealthwillimprove.
4)unless从句中可用否定词,而if…not从句中不可再加否定词,因此在unless引导的否定从句中,不可用if…not代替unless,如:
Iwillgounlessnooneelsedoes.
Iwillgoifnooneelsedoesn’t.×
Don’taskmetoexplainunlessyoureallydon’tunderstand.
Don’taskmetoexplainifyoureallynotdon’tunderstand.×
5)注意在非真实条件句使用虚拟语气。
(略)(参照“时态语态语气情态”讲义)
7.让步状语从句
常用引导词:
though(although),evenif(eventhough)
特殊引导词:
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装;though可以倒装也可以不倒装),while(一般用在句首,=though),nomatter…,inspiteofthefactthat,whatever,whoever,
wherever,whenever,however,whichever
MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.尽管我很尊敬他我却不同意他的建议。
Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.
Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.
Hewon’tlistenwhateveryoumaysay.
让步状语从句的几点说明;
1)有时可用副词yet,still,nevertheless(但不能用连词but)来配合连接词though或although,以加强语气,如:
Thoughheisoverseventy,yet/still/neverthelesshecanridethebike.
2)if有时也可以用于让步含义,但要注意条件if与让步if的区别,试比较:
Ifheispoor,howcanhebuythehouse?
(条件)
Ifheispoor,heisatleasthonest.(让步)(=evenif)
3)as(though)引导让步从句一般不置于句首,而将从句中的表语或谓语动词或状语置于句首:
①表语的倒装:
Tiredashewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.
但如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语,不再用冠词,如:
TeacherasMichaelis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.
Youngestasheisinourclass,hespeaksEnglishthebest.
②状语的倒装:
(这时不可在状语之前加very,much等修饰语)
MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.
HardasIstudied,Icouldnotcatchupwiththem.
③谓语动词的倒装:
Tryashewould,hecouldnotrememberawordofit.(=Nomatterhowhewouldtry…)
Hatehimaswemay,wemustadmithisgreatness.
4)while(=although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置,位于句首,如:
WhileIadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idon’tagreethattheycannotbesolved.
注意比较下列各句:
WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.(让步状语从句)
WhileIwasreading,thelightwentout.(时间状语从句)
Heisidle,whilehisbrotherisdiligent.(转折、对比,并列分句)
5)whether…or…引导的让步状语从句为也称为“选择条件-让步状语从句”,可位于主句之前或之后,如:
Whetherornotitrains,I’mgivingapartytomorrow.
Weholdthatallcountries,(whethertheyare)bigorsmall,(whethertheyare)richorpoor,shouldbeequal.
Shehadtogo,whetherornotshew
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