语言学教程复习资料胡壮麟Word下载.docx
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语言学教程复习资料胡壮麟Word下载.docx
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toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.
⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):
tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(Health,weather)
⑥
Recreationalfunction(娱乐):
theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)
⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):
totalkaboutlanguageitself.
4.Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedas
thescientificstudyoflanguage.
5.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
Descriptive&
prescriptive
Synchronic&
diachronic
Langue&
parole
Competence&
performance
6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)
Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor
“correctandstandard”
linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:
“neveruseadoublenegative”)
7.Synchronicstudy
(共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)
Diachronicstudy(历时)—
descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
第四章
1.WhatisSyntax
(句法)?
Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningtheways
differentconstituents
arecombinedtoform
sentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则
2.FourApproaches:
The
traditional
approach传统语言观
(Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范畴、Concordandgovernment一致关系和支配关系)、The
structural
approach结构语言观、The
generative
approach、The
functional
approach功能语言观
3.Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesas
asequenceofwords
soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyof
words
suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsof
partsofspeech
theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsof
subject,predicate
etc.
4.Partsofspeech
Traditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:
nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.
5.Theterm
Category范畴
insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:
thecategoriesofthenoun名词的范畴,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability(case);
thecategoriesoftheverb动词的范畴:
tense,aspect,voice,etc.
6.Number
ismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名词和不可数名词.
Twotermsofnumberinnouns:
singularandplural单数和复数
Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs
7.Gender
isalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.
InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.
8.Case
isusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在词类分析中,格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系
InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格,accusative受格,andgenitive与格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格
InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealizedinthreechannels:
(a)inflection(b)followingapreposition(c)wordorder
9.Tense时态:
theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:
pastandpresent.
Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.
10.Aspect体:
Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.
Perfective(完成体)
andImperfective(进行体)
PerfectiveandProgressive(inEnglish)
11.Voice语态:
describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubject
Passive被动语态
andactive主动语态
12.
Concord
andgovernment
①Concord
(一致关系)
refersto
agreement
betweenwords,especiallybetweena
verb
andthe
subject
ofasentence.
②Government
(支配关系)
isatypeofgrammaticalrelationshipbetweentwoormoreelementsinasentence.
Intraditionalgrammar,thetermgovernmenthastypicallybeenusedtorefertotherelationshipbetween
verbsandnouns
orbetweenprepositionsandnouns.
13.TheStructuralApproach
,由FerdinanddeSaussure提出
14.SyntacticRelations:
Positionalrelations位置关系、Relationsofsubstitutability替代关系、Relationsofco-occurrence同现关系
15.Immediateconstituent
(直接成分)
isanymeaningfulconstituentatthefirststepinananalysis.
16.An
endocentricconstruction
(向心结构)
isaconstructionthatcontains:
1)a
head,whichisthesingleobligatoryelementintheconstruction;
2)oneormore
optionalelements
subordinatetothehead.
17.theme
(主位)
referstotheknowninformationwhichisnotnewtothereaderorlistener
Rheme
(述位)
referstotheinformationthatisnew.Thenewinformationiswhatistobetransmittedtothereaderorlistener
Thelinguistsofthe
Prague
schoolbelievedthatsentencemaybeanalyzedfromthe
sideaswellasthe
grammatical
side.
subject,predicate(grammaticalside)
theme,rheme
(functionalside)
第五章
1.
WhatisSemantics?
Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningof
words,
phrases
and
sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科
2.GeoffreyLeech利奇Seventypesofmeaning7种意义类型:
①Conceptualmeaning概念意义
②Connotativemeaning内涵意义
③Socialmeaning社会意义
④Affectivemeaning
感情意义
AssociativeMeaning联想意义(②——⑥)
⑤Reflectedmeaning反射意义
⑥Collocativemeaning搭配意义
⑦Thematicmeaning主位意义
3.Conceptualmeaning
(概念意义)
isalsocalled“denotative”(外延义)anditisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.概念意义也叫外延义,它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系
Conceptualmeaning
is
meaninggiveninthedictionary.
4.Associativemeaning
(联想意义)
isthetotalofallthemeaningsapersonthinksofwhentheyheartheword
Associativemeaning
isthemeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.
5.Thematicmeaning(主位意义)
“whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的
6.
TheReferentialTheory(指称理论):
TheReferentialTheory
TheSemanticTriangle
SenseandReference
7.Thereferentialtheory
指称理论
isthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论
8.Thesemantictriangle语意三角
isthe
indirect
relationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoanditismediatedby
concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系,它们是以概念为中介的
9.Sense
(涵义)
isasetofpropertiespossessedbyaname.
10.Reference
(指称)
isthesymbolicrelationshipthatalinguisticexpressionhaswiththeconcreteobject.
11.The
sense
ofanexpressionisthethoughtitexpresses,whileits
reference
istheobjectitrepresents
Everywordhasasense,butnoteverywordhasareference.
SenseRelations涵义关系
①Synonymy(同义关系)
②Antonymy(反义关系)
(Gradable、Complementary、Converse)
③Hyponymy(上下义关系)
13.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theymaydifferin
style,
connotations
dialect.
14.Gradableantonymy(等级反义关系)
、Complementaryantonymy(互补反义关系)、Converseantonymy(反向反义关系)
15.
Componentialanalysis
isanapproachtothestudyofmeaningwhichanalysesawordintoasetof
meaningcomponents.
16.SentenceMeaning
17.
Senserelationsbetweensentences
Synonymity(同义)
a.Hewasabachelorallhislife.
b.Henevermarriedallhisboy.
Sentencesaandbareinasynonymousrelationship:
thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthetruthofanothersentence
Inconsistency
(矛盾)
a.ElizabethIIisQueenofEngland.
b.ElizabethIIisaman.
Sentencesaandbareinarelationshipofcontradiction:
thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence.
Entailment(蕴涵)
a.Hemarriedablondeheiress.
b.Hemarriedablonde.
Entailmentreferstoakindofmeaninginclusion.
Ifxentailsy,themeaningofxisincludediny.
④
Presupposition
(前提预设)
Itiswhataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemessagealreadyknows.
⑤Contradiction
⑥Semanticanomaly
(语义反常)
18.Anintegratedtheory
﹡Compositionality(组合性原则):
themeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.
﹡Thissemantictheoryistheintegrationofsyntaxandsemantics
﹡Theirbasicideaisthatasemantictheoryconsistsoftwoparts:
adictionary
asetofprojectionrules
﹡Thedictionaryprovidesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords
﹡Theprojectionrulesareresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningsofwordstogether.
19.Logicalsemantics(逻辑语义学)
﹡Aproposition(命题)iswhatistobeexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthatsentenceisutteredtomakeastatement.
﹡Itisthebasicmeaningwhichasentenceexpress.
﹡Averyimportantpropertyofthepropositionisthatithasatruthvalue.
第七章
1.LanguageandCulture:
①Sapir-WhorfHypothesis②EvidenceGivenbyWhorf
③Implicationof
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