Information enrichment designing the supply chain for competitive advantage1997 MasonJonesWord格式.docx
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Information enrichment designing the supply chain for competitive advantage1997 MasonJonesWord格式.docx
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1997.Vol.2,
Iss.
4;
pg.
137
Abstract(DocumentSummary)
Theconceptofthe"
seamlesssupplychain"
isfurtherexploitedbyencouragingmarketplaceinformationtomovethroughthesupplychainwithaslittledistortionaspossible.Itisconcludedthattremendousbenefitscanresultfromadoptingaholisticapproachiftheattitudinalproblemsassociatedwithinformationsharingcanbeovercome.
FullText
(5965
words)
CopyrightMCBUPLimited(MCB)1997
R.Mason-Jones:
PostgraduateResearcher,LogisticsSystemsDynamicsGroup,FacultyofEngineeringandEnvironmentalDesign,UniversityofWales,Cardiff,UK
D.R.Towill:
Professor,LogisticsSystemsDynamicsGroup,FacultyofEngineeringandEnvironmentalDesign,UniversityofWales,Cardiff,UK
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
TheauthorswouldliketoextendtheirgratefulthankstoEPSRCwhofundthisresearchunderStudentshipNumber94315659inassociationwiththePhDtitle"
HierarchicalControlofSupplyChainDynamics"
.
Introduction
Oneofthekeyattributesofasuccessfulwinnerintoday'
shighlycompetitivemarketplaceistheabilitytorespondrapidlytotheendconsumerdemand.Tomaximizecompetitiveadvantageallmemberswithinthesupplychainshould"
seamlessly"
worktogethertoservetheendconsumer(Towill,1996).Alotofrethinkingtowardsindustrialrelationshipshas,therefore,beennecessarytomovetowardstheseamlesssupplychaininwhichthe"
players"
thinkandactasone.Themainideasurroundingpartnershipsourcingisthatviaclosertiesandtheresultinginformationsharingthepartnerswillbemoreabletoeffectivelymeettheircustomers'
demands.Itisveryeasytodiscusstheprinciplesofpartnershipbuttheactual"
how"
ofusingtheexchangedinformationtomaximizebenefitstoallplayershasnotbeenfullyexplored,(Whiteoak,1994).Thisarticlepresentsresultsfromresearchaimedatanalysingthe"
ofinformationusagethroughthesupplychaintogainstrategicadvantageintheproductdeliveryprocess(PDP).
Duringthediscussionscontainedwithinthepaperanimportantdistinctionismadebetweena"
supplychain"
anda"
pipeline"
.Basicallythepipelineisamechanismbywhichmaterialsandinformationflowthroughasupplychain.Pipelinesaresmooth,welldefinedpassagesenablingundisruptedmovement,thereforerequiringsomeformofdesignbythesupplychainmembers.Allcompaniesbelongtoasupplychainbutunfortunatelynotallhavedevelopedtooperateeffectivepipelines.Theterm"
pipelinemanagement"
wasfirstcoinedbyForrester(1960).AsoutlinedbyFarmerandVanAmstel(1990)theconceptisrelevanttomanysituationswheretheorganizationalsystemisrequiredtobalanceaflowofincomingmaterialsagainstoutgoingcomponents/products.
Tocompeteeffectivelyinthemarketplacemuchpressurehasbeenexertedonsupplychainsandindividualcompaniestoimprovepipelineperformancebyoptimizingtheirresponsetocustomerdemand.Asanimportantcontributiontothisimprovement,organizationshaveimplementedspecificpipelineprocessimprovementtechniquessuchasjust-in-time(JIT)andmanufacturingresourcesplanning(MRP).Methodologiessuchas"
leanmanufacturing"
haveshownimprovementstoawholehostofindustries,mostnotablytheautomotivesectorwhereextensiveresearchhasbeencarriedout(Womacketal.,1990).Morerecentlythisapproachhasbeenbroadenedtoencompass"
leanthinking"
andshowntoapplytoaverywiderangeofindustries(WomackandJones,1996).
Nomatterhowfarupstream,allplayerswithinthesupplychainareworkingtomeetthemarketplacedemand.However,inmanysupplychainsonlytheplayerclosesttotheendcustomerhastheluxuryofknowingthetruedemand.Marketinformationnotoriouslysuffersfromdelayanddistortionasitmovesthroughthesupplychain.Thetwomainissuesinsupplychain(re)designaretolimitordermagnificationastheinformationmovesupthesupplychain(i.e.reducinguncertainty)andtoreducethetimedelayinreceivinginformation(i.e.retaininginformationvalue).Thepaperpresentstheachievablebenefitsavailabletoallsupplychainsviamarketsalesinformationusageatalllevelsofthepipeline.
Theroleofpartneringinallowingtimecompression
Theadvantagesofchangingfromtraditionaladversarialapproachestomodernindustrialrelationships,suchaspartnershipsourcing,havebeenwelldocumentedbyMacBethandFerguson(1994).ThesearesummarizedasinFigure1,whichwasoriginallyconceivedbyNeilIrwinaspartoftheCBIDTIPartnershipInitiative(TowillandNaim,1993).WhereasFigure1isessentiallybasedoncollaborationbetweenanytwoadjacentplayers,thisarticleisdirectedatthewiderholisticissueofcollaborationthroughoutthesupplychain.
InaseminalpublicationStalkandHout(1990)emphasizedtheimportanceoftimecompressionthroughasupplychaininordertogainshorterleadtimes,ordercontrol,andstocklevelreductions.Oneavailableresourcewithincompaniesthatinvariablyhasanunnecessarilylongleadtimeisdemandinformation.Infact,StalkandHout(1990)specificallywarnofthedangersofslowinformationleadtimes,summinguptheproblemswithinformationdelayswhentheystate:
"
Theunderlyingproblemhereisthatonceinformationages,itlosesvalue...olddatacausesamplifications,delayandoverhead...Theonlywayoutofthisdisjointedsupplysystembetweencompaniesistocompressinformationtimesothattheinformationcirculatingthroughthesystemisfreshandmeaningful."
Thus,thepurposeofthispaperistodemonstrateandbenchmark,viaarealisticsimulationmodel,theexpectedbenefitsoftakingaholisticviewofsupplychaininformationflow.However,theimplementationofsuchaholisticsupplychainrequiresadegreeoftrustbetweenall"
hencethelinkwithpartnershipinitiatives.
Information:
acompetitiveadvantage
Themajortechnologybehindimprovedinformationflowwastheadventofelectronicdatainterchange(EDI).Itoffersgreatlyimprovedinformationflowsandisanextremelyimportantaspectwithinleadingorganizationsinthefighttodecreaselead-times(Evansetal.,1993).However,whiletheintroductionofEDIinmanycompanieshasofferedmarkedimprovementinthespeedoftransmissionoforders(oncesanctioned),thecurrentinformationflowinthevastmajorityofsupplychainsisstillfarfromideal.Unfortunately,inalltoomanyinstancestheoldproblemsofdistortionandmagnificationoforderinformationremain,notleastbecausethemanydecisionprocesseswhichstillremainblockrapiddatatransferencetowhereitisreallyneeded.Inparticular,thereisstillmuchuntappedmileageinseekingtoimprovetheorderfulfilmentprocessesfromutilizingundistortedpointofsalesinformation.
Informationflowdoesnothavethesameleadtimeconstraintsthataproductionprocesshas,andviaITitispossibletoeliminatetheinformationtransmissionlead-timefromoneendofthechaintotheother.Themainconstrainttoenrichingasupplychainwithmarketsalesdataisthecommonattitudethatinformationispower.Asaconsequenceofthetraditionalculturecompanieswilldeliberatelydistortorderinformationtomasktheirintentnotonlytocompetitorsbuteventotheirownsuppliersandcustomers,unbelievablethoughthismayseem(Towill,1996).Incontrast,Ackereetal.(1993)arguedthatmanagerscanandshouldredesigntheirbusinessprocessestogaincompetitiveadvantageandmustincludeimprovedinformationflowwithintheirnewstrategy.TheyoffersomepreliminarysimulationresultsbasedontheMITbeergame,whichshowthetremendouspotentialwhichmayberealizedbyredesigningthehandlingandusageofmarketsalesinformationthroughoutthesupplychain.
Marketsalesdataistheinformationcatalystforthewholesupplychain,holdingundiluteddatadescribingtheconsumerdemandpattern.Therefore,thebestwaytoensureeveryoneinthesupplychaingetsthemostuptodateandusefulinformationistofeedeachlevelofthesupplychaindirectlywiththemarketsalesdata.Managersshould,therefore,bechallengingandquestioningmechanismswithinpipeline,structureswhichdelayorderinformationthroughthesupplychain.
Figure2presentsthedistinctionbetweenthe"
traditional"
supplychainandthehereinadvocated"
enriched"
supplychainintheirapproachestoinformationusage.Inthetraditionalsupplychaintheretaileristheonlyplayerwhohasdirectsightofconsumerdemand;
allothermembersonlyhavetheordersfromtheirimmediatecustomer,(i.e.thewarehouseonlyhassightofthedistributor'
sorders).Therefore,inthetraditionalmodethemarketinformationisdistortedinitiallybytheretailerandfurtherdistortedwitheachsuccessivelinkinthechain.However,intheinformationenrichedsupplychaineachplayer,nomatterhowfarupstream,receivesthemarketplacedatadirectly.Theenrichmentmechanismisanelectronicpointofsaleslink(EPOS).Soratherthaneachplayertraditionallymakinganorderdecisionbasedpurelyontheinternalchainorderdata,hecannowmakeaninformedjudgementbasedonactualmarketdemandaswell.
Asanearlyindicationtothebenefitsofenrichingthepipeline,Figure2presentsthefactoryorderrateresponsetoastepupinmarketdemandforboththetraditionalandenrichedmodels.Thesimulationmodelsusedaredescribedlater.Thefactoryinthetraditionalsupplychaincannotevenbegintocompetewiththeinformationenrichedfactorybothintermsofresponseoversh
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