richard wrightWord格式.docx

richard wrightWord格式.docx

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1915-1916-RichardentersschoolattheHoweInstitute,Memphis,inSeptember.Ellabecomesillandthechildrenareplacedinanorphanageforashorttime.AfterRichardspendsthesummerinJackson,Mississippi,withhismaternalgrandparents,EllamoveswithhersonstoElaine,Arkansas,tolivewithhersisterandbrother-in-law,MaggieandSilasHopkins.RichardbecomesclosetoSilas.

1917-UncleSilas,arelativelyprosperousbuilderandsaloon-keeper,ismurderedbywhites.Noarrestsaremade,andAuntMaggie,Ella,andthechildrenfleetoWestHelena,Arkansas.

1918-1919-Richardisforcedtoleaveschooltofindwork.Ella'

sdeterioratinghealthculminatesinastroke,leavingherparalyzed.The

childrenareseparated,withRichardgoingtolivewithanuncleandauntinGreenwood,Mississippi.Unhappy,hereturnstoJackson,Mississippi.

1920-RichardattendstheSeventh-DayAdventistschooltaughtbyhisAuntAddieandrebelsagainstitsstrictrules.

1921-RichardtransferstothepublicJimHillSchool,whereheexcelsacademicallyandgainsfriends.

1922-Richardworksatvariousjobsafterschoolandduringsummer,includingnewsboy（whereheisabletoread）andsecretary/accountanttoaninsuranceagent（allowinghimtotravelaroundMississippi）.RichardisdismayedbytheilliteracyandlackofeducationheseesamongAfrican-Americans.HisincomefromjobsallowsRichardtoaffordbooks,food,andclothingforthefirsttime.

1923-1924-HeattendsSmith-RobertsonJuniorHigh.Hisfirstshortstory,"

TheVoodooofHell'

sHalf-Acre,"

reportedlywaspublishedintheJacksonSouthernRegister.

1925-RichardgraduatesfromSmith-Robertsonasvaledictorian.Herefusestodeliverthegraduationceremonyspeechpreparedbytheprincipalandinsteaddelivershisown.HeleavesJacksonforMemphis.

1927-HismotherandbrotherjoinRichardinMemphis.SpurredbyauthorH.L.Mencken,hebeginstoreadAmericannaturalistwriters.InDecember,Richard,withAuntMaggie,movestotheSouthSideofChicago.

1928-Againheisjoinedbyhismotherandbrother.RichardbeginsworkingintheChicagopostofficebutfailsthemedicalexamduetoundernourishment.

1929-RichardpassesthePostalServicephysicalandreturnstowork.Hemoveshisfamilyintoafourroomapartmentwherehecanwriteinrelativecomfort.

1930-Chicago'

s"

SouthSide"

sinksintotheDepression.Richard'

shoursarecutatpostoffice.

1931-Hepublishesshortstory"

Superstition"

inAbbott'

s

MonthlyMagazine,however,theAfrican-American-ownedmagazinefailsbeforeRichardispaid.

1933-RichardjoinstheChicagoJohnReedClubandwritesrevolutionarypoetryforLeftFront.HejoinstheCommunistPartyandishiredtosuperviseayouthcluborganizedtocounterjuveniledelinquencyamongAfrican-AmericansontheSouthSide.

1935-Richardcontinuespublishingpoetry,triesunsuccessfullytosellhisfirstnovel（LawdToday!

）,expandshisacquaintanceamongleft-wingwriters,andishiredbytheFederalWriter'

sProject.LawdToday!

wouldeventuallybepublished28yearslaterin1963.

1936-RichardisactiveintheAfrican-AmericanSouthSideWriter'

sGroup;

hepublishesthestory"

BigBoyLeavesHome"

inTheNewCaravan.

1937-Richardturnsdownafull-timepostalpositioninChicago.HemovestoNewYorktowritefortheDailyWorkerwhilecontinuingtoworkwiththeWriter'

sProject.His"

FireandCloud"

winsfirstprizeof$500inacontestsponsoredbyStorymagazine.

1938-UncleTom'

sChildrenappearsandreceivesgoodreviews.

1939-WrightmarriesDhimaRoseMeadman,awhiteballetdancer.

1940-NativeSonispublished,becomesabest-seller,andreceivesmanyfavorablereviews.UncleTom'

sChildrenisreissuedinanexpandededition.Hisfirstmarriagefails.Heattemptstoreconcilewithhisfather.

1941-WrightmarriesEllenPoplar,aCommunistorganizerfromBrooklyn.TheplayNativeSon,adaptedbyWrightwithPaulGreen,isproducedonBroadwaybyOrsonWellesandJohnHouseman.WrightcollaborateswithEdwinRosskamonTwelveMillionBlackVoices.

1942-DaughterJuliaisborn.WrightwithdrawsfromtheCommunistPartywithoutpublicity.

1944-Wright'

sbreakwithCommunistParybecomespublicwiththepublicationof"

ITriedtobeaCommunist"

inTheAtlanticMonthlyand"

TheManWhoLivedUnderground"

publishedinCrossSection.

1945-BlackBoy,aBook-of-the-MonthClubselection,ispublishedinMarch,receivesexcellentreviews,andbecomesabest-seller.

1946-WrighttravelstoFranceinMayasaguestoftheFrenchgovernment,iswellreceivedbyFrenchintellectuals,andstaysuntilDecember.

1947-ReturningtoNewYork,Wrightencounterscontinuingracism.Wright,EllenandJuliareturntoParis,wheretheybecomepermanentexpatriates.

1949-Aseconddaughter,Rachel,isborninJanuary.WrightwritesthefilmversionofNativeSonandtravelsforfilming.

1950-ThefilmNativeSonisshowninBuenosAires,NewYork,Venice,andelsewhere.

1952-WrightrefusestoreturntotheUnitedStatescitingriskofsubpoenabyananti-Communistcongressionalinvestigatingcommittee.

1953-TheOutsiderispublishedinMarchtomixedreviews.WrighttravelsthroughoutAfrica'

sGoldCoast.

1954-WrighttravelsinSpain;

hepublishesBlackPowerandSavageHoliday.

1955-HevisitsSpainagainandattendstheBandungConference.

1956-TheColorCurtain:

AReportontheBandungConferenceispublishedinEnglishinMarch,havingappearedinFrenchthreemonthsearlier.

1957-PaganSpainandWhiteMan,Listen!

appear.

1958-TheLongDreamispublishedinOctober,butreviewsaremostlyunfavorable.

1959-DaddyGoodness,adaptedbyWrightfromLouisSpain'

sPappaBonDieu,isproducedinParis.Wrighttrieshishandathaiku.

1960-TheLongDream,adaptedfromthenovel,hasonlyaweek'

srunonBroadway.WrightdiesofanapparentheartattackonNovember28.

ShortSummary

NativeSonisdividedintothreebooksentitledFear,FlightandFate,depictingthefinaldaysofBiggerThomas.ThestoryissetintheDepression-eraandBiggeristhenovel'

stwenty-year-oldprotagonist,aresidentofthe"

BlackBelt,"

aChicagoghettothatispredominantlyblack.Biggerlivesinaone-roomapartmentwithhismother（"

Ma"

）andyoungersiblings,VeraandBuddy.Thedepressingmoodofthenovelissetintheopeningscene:

Biggerisawakenedbythescreamsofhissisterandmother.Anovergrown,yellow-fangedratisprowlingaroundtheroom.Biggerandhisbrotherbacktheratintoacornerandastheratstrikesback,tearingagashinBigger'

spants,Biggerstrikestheratdead,crushingitsheadwithaheavyironskillet.

Bigger'

slifeismiserableandafterastintinareformschool,heremainsbitterandangryaboutpovertyandracism.Bigger'

sdreamistobecomeanaviatorbutinsteadheisgivenajobthroughthereliefagency-achauffeurforawhitemillionaire-philanthropistnamedHenryDalton.MawarnsBiggertoavoidhisgangandsetasidehiscriminalhabits,lestheendupinthe"

gallows."

MaisunabletorelatetoBiggerandheisunresponsivetoherreligiosityandherovertureson"

manhood."

WhenMaassertsthatBiggerwouldgooutandgetajobifhe"

hadanymanhoodinhim,"

Biggerresentshismotherforherdependenceuponhim.Whilehesincerelycaresabouthisfamily,Biggerknowsthathewillneverbeofferedthetypeofjobthatwouldallowhimtoofferhisfamilysubstantialsupport.

DespiteMa'

spropheticwarning,BiggergoestoDoc'

spoolhalltomeethisgangandhesuggeststhattheyrobBlum'

sDeli.BiggerisinwardlyafraidtorobBlumandsoheprojectshisfearontoGus,anothermemberofthegang,hopingthattheargumentwillpreventthegangfromorganizingthemselvestoattempttheheist.BiggersuggeststherobberybecausehewantstoappeartoughbutwhenGuscallshisbluff,Biggergetsangryandpullsaknife.ThestirthatBiggercausesdoesmorethanpreventthegangfromrobbingBlum'

s;

Bigger'

sraucousbehaviorgetshimthrownoutofDoc'

spoolhall.Biggerslowlycomestounderstandthatsincethepoolhallisthe"

hang-out"

spotofthegang,hewillnolongerbeabletoparticipate‹especiallyconsideringthefactthatnoneofhisfriendswerewillingtodefendhisviolentbehavior.

Afterheiseffectively"

kickedout"

ofthegang,BiggerstrugglestoclearhisheadofangrythoughtsashepreparesfortheinterviewatMr.Dalton'

smansion.Biggerisnotexcitedabouttakingthejobfromthereliefagency,butheisstunnedbythewealthoftheDaltonhomeandeveniftheemploymentisnotthegreatest,Biggerrealizesthathisopportunitiesarescant‹nowthathenolongerhashisgang.

Biggerfumblestheinterviewandisfrightenedbyeverythingandeveryoneinthehouse:

theboominggrandfatherclock;

Mr.Dalton'

sblindwife;

thestereotypicalIrishmaid,Peggy;

andDalton'

sblonddaughter,Mary.BiggerremembersseeingMaryinanewsreelfromamovieearlyintheday.Thenewsreelfeaturedastorydetailingthewintervacationofthemillion