英语文体学Chapter 6 Syntactic Overregularity文档格式.docx
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英语文体学Chapter 6 Syntactic Overregularity文档格式.docx
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Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday,
Rage,rageagainstthedyingoflight.
(DonotGoGentleintothatGoodNight)
Thelexicalitemrageinthelastlineofthestanzaisrepeatedimmediately.Ifwereadthewholepoemthrough,wemayactuallyfindthatthelastlineofthisstanzaisthesecondrefrainofthepoem,andrageappearseighttimesinthispoem.Thisfactshowsthatgreatemphasisislaidontheitem,andalsoonthewholelinewhichexpressesthecentralthemeofthepoem:
oneshouldstruggleviolentlyagainstdeath.Itshouldalsobenotedthatthevowelsound/ei/isinassonancewiththe/ei/soundintheprecedingline.Hence,therepetitionservestocombinethelinestogetherandtogiveunitytotheideaexpressed.
Anotherexampleofimmediaterepetitionisfoundinabeautifullywrittenpoempartlyquotedbelow.
(2)Gold!
Gold!
Brightandyellow,hardandcold,
Molten,graven,hammer'
dandroll'
d,
Heavytogetandlighttohold.
(ThomasHood)
WhatismoststrikingabouttheselinesisthatthewordGoldisrepeatedfourtimes.Reinforcedbythecapitalizationofthefirstletterofthewordandtheexclamationmark"
!
"
thewordattractsmuchattentiontoitself.Insteadofbeingmonotonousandredundant,therepetitionhereshowsthepoet'
sgreatintensityoffeelingwhentalkingaboutgold.
Nowletusconsiderapoemwhereawholelineisimmediatelyrepeated.
(3)Thewoodsarelovely,dark,anddeep,
ButIhavepromisestokeep,
AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,
AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.
(R.Frost,StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening)
Therepetitionofthelinemakesthereaderthinkhardaboutwhatitactuallymeans.Whenhedoesso,hemayrealizethatthelineisprobablymetaphoricalinnature.Onepossibleinterpretationhemightarriveatisthat'
thereisalongwaytogobeforeIdie'
.Therepetitionalsoshowsthatthespeakerisratherwearyofthejourneyhetakes.
6.1.2IntermittentRepetition
Anothertypeofrepetitionisintermittentrepetition,knownasploceintraditionalrhetoric.Thefollowingisagoodexampleofthiskind.
(4)O,howthatnamebefitsmycomposition,
OldGauntindeed,andgauntinbeingold.
(Shakespeare,RichardⅡ)
Whatisinterestingaboutthiscaseisthatthesecondoccurrenceofthelexicalitemgauntisusedambiguously.Herethespeaker,JohnofGaunt,ispunningonhisownname.Therepetitionherevividlycapturestheemotionalstateofthespeaker:
hisutterdespairathisoldageandathishealthcondition.
Now,letusconsideranotherexampleofintermittentrepetition.
(5)Notmanylives,butonlyonehavewe;
One,onlyone.
(Anonymous,OnlyOneLife)
Thewordoneisrepeatedintermittentlythreetimesandthewordonlytwice.Thisgreatlyemphasizesthefactthatthereisonlyonelifeforapersonandsuggeststhatoneshouldreallytreasureit.
6.2Parallelism
Parallelismmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itdiffersfromsimplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication.It"
requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichare'
parallel'
withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern"
(Leech,1969:
66).
Variouscasesofparallelismhavebeentraditionallyclassifiedaccordingtothepositionoftheidenticalelements.Forexample,thetypeofparallelismwhoseidenticalpartisintheinitialpositionhasbeengiventhelabel'
anaphora'
.However,wewillnotincludethisclassificationhereforwebelievethatitisnotveryhelpfulforinterpretingliteraryworks.Whatwewilldoinsteadisclassifyparallelismintotwomajortypesaccordingtoitssize-large-scaleparallelismandsmall-scaleparallelism-anddiscusstherhetoricalfunctionsofeachofthetypes.
6.2.1Large-scaleParallelism
Bylarge-scaleparallelismwemeanthekindwhichconsistsofmorethantwojuxtaposedunits.LookattheexampleinthefollowingpoembyWordsworth.
(6)MyHeartLeapsUp
MyheartleapsupwhenIbehold
Arainbowinthesky,
Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;
SoisitnowIamaman;
SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,
Orletmedie!
TheChildisfatheroftheMan;
AndIcouldwishmydaystobe
Boundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.
Inthispoem,thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefornaturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast,presentandfuture.Thethemeisbroughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhichexistsinlines3,4and5.Firstly,thesamenessofstructureimpliesthesamenessinmeaning.Thisshowsthatthespeakerhopesthathisresponsetoseeingarainbowremainsthesamethroughouthislife.Secondlyandmoreimportantly,theemotionalfeelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit,reachingitsclimaxinthefinalparallelunit.Reinforcedbytheimperativemoodandthemeaningofthelinefollowingit,line5mosteffectivelyexpressesthespeaker'
sstrongdeterminationforcontinuingtoholdadeeploveandrespectfornature.
Apointneedstobemadeatthisjuncture.Thatis,theclimaxisusuallymarkedbyaslightchangeinthepattern.ThispointcanbefurtherdemonstratedbyanexamplefromShakespeare.
(7)Ifyouprickus,dowenotbleed?
Ifyoutickleus,dowenotlaugh?
Ifyoupoisonus,dowenotdie?
Andifyouwrongus,shallwenotrevenge?
(TheMerchantofVenice)
Thefourthjuxtaposedunit,whichistheclimacticpoint,isslightlydifferentfromtheprecedinglinesinthatithastheconjunctionandandthemodalauxiliaryshallinreplacementoftheauxiliarydo.Theconjunctionandmakesthelineprominent,andtheauxiliaryshallformsacontrastwithdointheprecedinglines.Thefinaljuxtaposedunitnotonlymakesthecause-effectrelationmuchmoreapparent,butalsodemonstratesthespeaker'
sstrongvolitionfortakingrevenge.
Wehaveconsideredtwoexamplesoflarge-scaleparallelismwhichfunctiontoformclimax.Itwouldbeincorrect,however,toconcludefromthisthatlarge-scaleparallelismonlyfunctionstoformclimaxes.Thefollowingexamplewillrevealthatthisisnotthecase.
(8)Theseedyesow,anotherreaps;
Thewealthyefind,anotherkeeps;
Therobesyeweave,anotherwears;
Thearmsyeforge,anotherbears.
(P.B.Shelley,SongtotheMenofEngland)
Eachofthejuxtaposedunitsaboveseemstobeofequalweight.Puttingtogether,theseunitsstronglyreinforcethedegreeofcontrastmadewithineachline.
Interestingly,afurtherexampleoflarge-scaleparallelismisfoundinonlyoneline.
(9)Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
(JuliusCaesar)
Thisisindeedaverysignificantlineintermsofitsclausestructure.Firstlywemaynoticethatthethreeclausesareshortinlengthandsimpleinstructureandarrangedinchronologicalorder.Thisgeneratesafeelingthattheactsofcoming,seeingandconqueringweresimpleandwerecompletedoneafteranotherinquicksuccession.Secondly,wecanseethatthethreeclauseshavethesamestructure,i.e.theyformaparallelism.Thestructuralequationofthethreeclausessuggestsanequationofmeaning.Caesar'
sstatementthusimpliesthatforhimtheconqueringwasaseasyascomingandseeing.ThisthenexhibitsCaesar'
smajesticarrogance.
Large-scaleparallelismisalsofoundinfictionalprose.Considertheexampleinthefollowingpassage.
(10)Hestoodbehindhisdeskinthefarendofthedimroom.Thewifelikedhim.Shelikedthedeadlyseriouswayhereceivedanycomplaints.Shelikedhisdignity.Shelikedthewayhewantedtoserveher.Shelikedthewayhefeltaboutbeingahotel-keeper.Shelikedhisold,heavyfaceandbighands.
(Hemingway,CatintheRain)
Outofatotalofsevensentencesinthisparagraph,sixmaybesaidtobeparallel.Thesesixsentencessharethesamesentencepattern:
subject+verb+object.Theverblikedisrepeatedinallthesixsentencesandthesubjectsheinfiveofthesentences.Thesubjectthewifeinthesecondsentenceisreferentiallythesameasshe.Thepilingupoftheparallelsentencesemphasizesthepointthatthewifelikedthehotel-keeperinmanyways.Thepointsthatthewifelikedaboutthehotel-keeperarejustwhatwaslackinginherhusband.Forcontrast,readthefollowingpassageofthesamestory.
(11)'
IwanttopullmyhairbacktightandsmoothandmakeabigknotatthebackthatIcanfeel,'
shesaid.'
IwanttohaveakittytositonmylapandpurrwhenIstrokeher.'
'
Yeah?
'
Georgesaidfromthebed.
AndIwanttoeatatatablewithmyownsilverandIwantcandles.AndIwantittobespringandIwanttobrushmyhairoutinfrontofamirrorandIwantakittyandIwantsomenewclothes.'
Oh,s
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