西藏大学英语考试考前冲刺卷7文档格式.docx
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西藏大学英语考试考前冲刺卷7文档格式.docx
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一、单项选择题(共50题,每题2分。
每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意)
1.Conventionalwisdomsaysthatifyouwanttobericher,ausefulthingtodoistogetmarried.Lifeischeaperwhenthere’sonlyone(62)topayandsomeoneelsecandocertaintasks--cookingorcarrepair--more(63)thanyou.ResearchbyOhioStateUniversity’sJayZagorskyshowsthatmarriedbabyboomersincreasetheir(64)anaverage16%ayear,(65)thosewhoaresingleincreasetheirnet(66)athalfthatrate.Yettheeconomic(67)ofmarriageisn’twhatitusedtobe.InachapterofabooknewlyoutfromtheRussellSageFoundation,ChangingPoverty,ChangingPolicies,twosocialscientistsshowthatthemarriagepremiumhassubsidedsince1969.They(68)tostudyhowthechangingmakeupofAmericanfamilieshasaffectedthenumberofpeoplebelowthepovertyline.(69)howtherateofmarriagehasfallenandtherateofdivorcehas(70),theresearchersexpectedthenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinetogrow2.6%.Butwhentheylookedatthedata,povertyhadincreasedbylessthanhalfthat(71).WhyIna(72),becausesinglewomen,eventhosewithkids,haveaneasiertimesupportingthemselvesoutsidemarriagethantheyusedto.Morewomenareworking,increasinglyforwagesthatare(73)withthoseofmen.Womenarehavingchildrenlaterinlife,and(74)ofthem.Ontopofthat,agrowingpercentageofwomenwhohavechildrenbutaren’tmarrieddon’tliveontheirown.In1970,62%ofsinglemothersweretheonlyadultintheir(75),butby2006,just55%werelivingwithoutanothermeansofsupport—(76)morewomencohabitatingwithamalepartnerorgrandparent.Now,that’snottosaymarriagedoesn’t(77)withsignificanteconomicbenefits.AsresearchbyZagorskyandothersillustrates,itdoes.Achildinasingle-parentfamily,forinstance,isfivetimesas(78)tolivebelowthepovertyline.Whatthetwosocialscientiststrytoillustrate,though,isthatmarriagewouldn’tnecessarily(79)moreper-personwealth.Marryingsomeonewhoischronically(80)might(81)notbeaneconomicstepup.A.popularityB.valueC.prestigeD.worth
2.GotabigsocialnetworkThenyouprobablyhavealargeamygdala(扁桃体),accordingtoanewstudythatfoundaconnectionbetweenthesizeofandthenumberofsocialrelationshipsapersonhas.Thecomplexityofthoserelationshipswasalsolinkedwithamygdalasize.Understandingtherelationshipbetweenthesizeofanindividual’samygdalaandhisorhersocialrelationshipscouldhelpleadtotreatmentsforavarietyofconditionsthatinvolvedifficultieswithsocialconnections,suchasdepressionorautism(孤独症).Sowhatdoestheamygdalaactuallydo"
It’sstronglyconnectedwithalmosteveryotherstructureinbrain.Inthepast,peopleassumeditwasreallyimportantforfear.Thentheydiscovereditwasactuallyimportantforallemotions.Andit’salsoimportantforsocialinteractionandfacerecognition,"
LisaBarrett,directoroftheInterdisciplinaryAffectiveScienceLaboratoryatNortheasternUniversity,says,"
Theamygdala’sjobingeneralistosignaltotherestofbrainwhensomethingthatyou’refacedwithisuncertain."
Barrettsaysitiscommonlyassumedthatthesizeofastructurereflectsitscomputationalcapacity,notingthatifyourlargeramygdalaeasilyallowsyoutoidentifypeopleyou’vemetbeforeatacocktailparty,youwillhaveamucheasiertimeconnectingandsocializing."
Youcanimaginethatmightbeonethingsomeonewithbigamygdalamightbebetteratandthatmightlaythefoundationforeasierformationofsocialbonds,"
shesays.Interestingly,however,amygdalasizewasnotrelatedtothequalityofthoserelationshipsortowhetherornotpeopleenjoyedsocializing."
Welookedatmeasuresof’Howmuchdoyouenjoysocialinteraction’and’Areyousatisfiedwithyoursocialsupport’andthatwasnotrelatedtoamygdalavolume,"
saysBarrett.Priorresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithautisticspectrumdisorders(自闭症)havesmalleramygdalas,whichcouldhelpexplaintheirsocialproblems.Butthesestudiescannotdeterminecauseoreffect--whetherhavingasmallamygdalamakessocializingdifficult,orwhetherlackofsocialinteractionshrinkstheamygdala--orwhetherbothfactorsinteractandresultinasmallerbrainregion."
Thisstudyrepresentsanimportantinitialstudyinhumanneurosociology--thestudyoftheneurobiology(神经生物学)ofhumanlivinggroups.Thefindings,whilepreliminary,suggestthatthestructureandfunctionalcapacityofourbrainisinfluencedbythenature,qualityandquantityofrelationalconnectionswe--andourextendedrelationalcommunity--have,"
saysDr.BrucePerry,seniorfellowattheChildTraumaAcademywhowasnotassociatedwiththeresearch.Whilethisstudydidnotlookatthesizeofpeople’sonlinesocialnetworks,theresearchersplantoincludethosemeasuresinfutureresearchtodeterminetheirinfluence.HowdidDr.BrucePerryviewthisstudy
A.Itisarepresentativestudyinhumanneurosociology.
B.Itshowsourbrainfunctionisaffectedbythenature.
C.Thefindingsaretoopreliminarytobeworthful.
D.Thestudyhasalargeroomtobefurtherpolished.
3.Inher1998book,TheNurtureAssumption,Harrisarguedthatwhenitcomestochildren’ssuccess,parentsdon’tmatteratall:
thediversityinchildren’soutcomesthatweseeisprettymuchentirelyaccountedforbygenesandpeerinfluences,except,perhaps,incasesofextremeabuse.IntheWallStreetJournal,sciencewriterJonahLehrermadeasimilarcase,butonlyregardingrichparents,notpoorones--atleastintermsofearlychildintelligence.Forherbook,Harrisreviewedmassiveamountsofdataonparentingstyles,andfoundthatmuchofitwasfilledwithmethodologicalflaws.Inherreview,therewaslittleresearchtosuggestthatparentingmadeanyhugedifferenceinchildpersonality.Shenotedthatsocietalswingsinparentingpractices--fromstricttopermissiveandbackagain--didn’tseemtochangemuchthefundamentalmixofpersonalitiesorintelligencethatwesee.Butit’snotclearwhetherthesefindingsarereallyduetoalackofeffect,oraninabilitytomeasureitandclarifyallthevariables.Now,basedonanewtwinstudythatfollowed750identicalandfraternaltwins(异卵双胞胎)fromage10monthsto2years,Lehrerarguesthattheinfluenceofpoorparentsmatters,butthatofrichonesdoesnot.Thestudyfoundthat80%ofthedifferenceinkids’intelligencebyage2wasattributabletohomeenvironment--butonlyamongpoorkids.Thatidea,however,missesafewbigthings.Forone,asLehrernotes,thestudydidfindthatatage10months,parentswerethebiggestinfluenceonchildren’sintelligenceacrossallsocioeconomicclasses.Sincelaterdevelopmentbuildsonearlierexperience,it’snotasthoughthefirst10monthsdon’tcount.Secondly,choicesaboutthingslikechildcarecanmattertremendously.Althoughthisisanextremeexample,Dr.BrucePerry,inhisbookBornForLove:
WhyEmpathyIsEssentialandEndangered,tellsthestoryofawealthychildwhowasparentedbymultiplesequentialnannies.Whenthechildseemedtobecomemoreattachedtoanannythantohismother--whichwasinevitablebecausethenannyspentthemosttimewiththechildinthisfamilyIthatnannywasfired.Thefamilywentthrough18differentnannies,subjectingthechildoverandovertothestressofabandonment,andtheboygrewuptobeasexoffender.Dr.Perryhasalsoseenothercasesofsevereconsequencesofthiskindofdisruptedcare-givinginwealthychildren.Harriswascorrecttopointouttheflawsintheevidencethatshowthatparentingisthemaindeterminantofachild’sfuture.AndLehrerisrightthatifthechildhoodenvironmentweremadeequallygoodforall,theonlyvarianceinintelligencewe’dseewouldbedowntogenes.WhatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytellingthestoryinDr.BrucePerry’sbook
A.Parentsshouldn’tchangenanniesoverandoveragain.
B.Nanniesshouldn’tbetooconsideratetothechildren.
C.Childrentendtobecomemoreattachedtonanniesthantotheirmoms.
D.Thingslikechildcarealsoinfluencechildren’spersonalityandintelligence.
4.FightingBingeDrinkingOnCampusItTakesaVillage.
5.Conventionalwisdomsaysthatifyouwanttobericher,ausefulthingtodoistogetmarried.Lifeischeaperwhenthere’sonlyone(62)topayandsomeoneelsecandocertaintasks--cookingorcarrepair--more(63)thanyou.ResearchbyOhioStateUniversity’sJayZagorskyshowsthatmarriedbabyboomersincreasetheir(64)anaverage16%ayear,(65)thosewhoaresingleincreasetheirnet(66)athalfthatrate.Yettheeconomic(67)ofmarriageisn’twhatitusedtobe.InachapterofabooknewlyoutfromtheRussellSageFoundation,ChangingPoverty,ChangingPolicies,twosocialscientistsshowthatthemarriagepremiumhassubsidedsince1969.They(68)tostudyhowthechangingmakeupofAmericanfamilieshasaffectedthenumberofpeoplebelowthepovertyline.(69)howtherateofmarriagehasfallenandtherateofdivorcehas(70),theresearchersexpectedthenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinetogrow2.6%.Butwhentheylookedatthedata,povertyhadincreasedbylessthanhalfthat(71).WhyIna(72),becausesinglewomen,eventhosewithkids,haveaneasiertimesupportingthemselvesoutsidemarriagethantheyusedto.Morewomenareworking,increasinglyforwagesthatare(73)withthoseofmen.Womenarehavingchildrenlaterinlife,and(74)ofthem.Ontopofthat,agrowingpercentageofwomenwhohavechildrenbutaren’tmarrieddon’tliveontheirown.In1970,62%ofsinglemothersweretheonlyadultintheir(75),but
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