Learning strategy.docx

Learning strategy.docx

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Learningstrategy

Learningstrategies

1.1Definitionoflearningstrategy

Learningstrategy specificallyaboutlanguagelearningstrategyinL2/FLlearning.ItreferstoStudents'self-generatedthoughts,feelings,andactions,whicharesystematicallyorientedtowardattainmentoftheirgoals.

1.2Classificationsoflearningstrategies

Learningstrategiesforplanninghowtolearn,thinking,listening,speaking,reading,writingandtranslatingandetc.

WhatIconcludeaboutlearningstrategiesconsistsofseveraldomains:

thinking,listening,speaking,reading,writingandtranslatingandetc.

1.StrategiesforPlanningHowtoLearn

（1）AdvanceOrganization

Doingapreviewofwhatyouaregoingtolearn.Forexample,ifyouwanttoimproveyour pronunciation,youcanreadtheintroductiontodifferentpronunciationbooks,andfindoutthatyouneedtostudythesoundsof consonants, vowels, intonation, stress and linking.

（2）DirectingAttention

Thismeanspayingattentiontostudyingsomething,andnotdoingotherthingslikesurfingtheInternet.

（3）SelectiveAttention

Thismeansstudyingthingsthatyoucanremembermoreeasily,forexample,becausetheyareusefulforyouruniversitycourseorforyourjob.Ifyouneedtodoapresentationforyourcourseyoucanstudy presentations,ifyouneedtowriteareportatwork,youcanlearnhowtowritea report.

（4）Self-management

Thiscanhelpyoulearn,andorganizethem.Forexample,ifyoulikemusic,youwilllearnitinaplace.Youwillalsoneedmaterialslikebooksandmaybeacomputer.CILLhasgoodlearningconditions（butnocoffee!

）.

（5）AdvancePreparation

PlanningandlearningEnglishthatyouwillneedforsomething,forexamplelearningthecorrectpronunciationofimportantwordsinapresentation.

（6）Self-monitoring

CorrectingyourselfifyoumakeamistakewhenyouareusingEnglish.Thisisgoodforaccuracy,butnotforfluency.

（7）DelayedProduction

Whenyoufirststarttolearnanewlanguageyoumaydecidenottotryspeakinguntilyouhavelearnedsome vocabulary, grammar andpronunciation.Youmayjustwanttotry tolisten first,before speaking.

（8）Self-evaluation （Self-assessmentortesting）

DecidingifyouhavefinishedlearningatopicbecauseyourEnglishisgoodenoughtodothethingsyouneed.Clickhereformoredetailson howtotestyourself.

（9）Self-reinforcement

Thismeansgivingyourselfapresentwhenyouhavesuccessfullylearnedsomething.Forexample,chocolateor10minutesplayingcomputergames.

2.ThinkingStrategies

（1）Grouping

Puttingthingsingroupsandinorderhelpsyoutobuildaframeworkforlearning.Groupingalsoreflectsthewayyourbrainorganizesinformation.Forexample,youcangroupvocabularywordstogetheraccordingtocategorieslikefurniture,animals,officeequipment,etc.Using mind-maps isonetypeofgrouping.

（2）Imagery

 Thismeansmakingpicturesinyourmindtohelpyourememberthings.

3.SpeakingStrategies

（1）QuestionsforClarification

ThismeanstalkingtoEnglish-speakersandaskingforthemtorepeat,paraphrase（summarizeindifferentwords）,explainorgiveexamples.Youcansay:

Repeat:

"I'msorry,Ididn'tcatchthat,canyousaythatagain?

"

Paraphrase:

"I'msorry,I'mnotsurewhatyoumean.Canyoutellmeagain?

"

Explain:

"Couldyouexplainthatforme?

"

Examples:

"Couldyougivemeanexample?

"

（2）Recordingyourself

Recordyourselfspeaking,eitheronyourown,orwithotherpeople.Lateryoucanreviewtherecording,listenforproblemssuchassaying"Um"toomuch,andresearchanythingthatyoudidn'tknowhowtosay.

（3）FormagroupofpeopletopracticespeakingEnglish

InCILLyoucanjointhe SAP todothiswithateacher.The EnglishClub alsorunstheBigMouthCornerforspeakingpractice.

（4）Sing:

YoucansingEnglishsongsthatyoulike,eitheralone,orwithfriends;e.g.karaoke.

（5）Act

YoucanjoinadramacluborgroupthatputsonEnglishplays.TheELChasa DramaClub.

（6）Imagine

ImagingthatyouareinasituationwhereyouneedtospeakEnglish;e.g.asacharacteryoulikeinamovie.Trytoimaginewhatyouwouldsay.

4.PronunciationStrategies

（1）Repetition

Youcanrepeatawordoutloudorsilentlytopracticepronunciation.Becarefultolistentoamodeltomakesurethatyoupronunciationiscorrect.

（2）Sound

ThismeansrememberingEnglishsoundsbyusingsoundsinyourownlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishsound/i:

/isverysimilartotheChinese（Putonghua）soundofthewordthatmeans'one'.

5.Writing Strategies

（1）Note-taking

It’sagoodideatowritedownthemainideas,importantpoints,anoutlineorasummaryofatopic.

（2）Organization

Youcanusea mind-map, organisationtool or prosandconscalculator tohelpyouorganizetheinformation.

（3）Proof-reading

Youcanusethisprogramtoautomatically checkforsomecommonmistakes.

（4）Peer-review

Askafriendtoreadyourtextandcommentonit.Dotheyunderstandit?

Cantheysuggestanyimprovements?

（5）To-dolist

Writealistof10specificproblemsyouhavewithyourwriting.Puttheminorderofseriousnessorsolvability.Workonthehighestpriorityproblemsuntilyousolvethem.Whenyouhavesolvedthem,crossthemout,andaddnewproblemstothebottomofthelist.

6.Reading Strategies

（1） Transfer

 Thismeansusingideasthatyoualreadyhavetomakelearningeasier.Forexample,ifyouknowthataparagraph（likeahamburger）usuallyhasanintroduction,amiddlecontainingsupportingdetail,andaconclusion,youcanusethisknowledgeto skim（readveryquickly,bymissingoutnon-importantinformation,tounderstandthegeneraltopic）atextbecauseyouknowthatyouonlyhavetoreadtheintroductionandconclusionofboththewholetextandtheparagraphs.

（2）Translation

 Youcanreadastoryinanewspaperinyourownlanguagefirst,thenreadthesamestoryinan Englishnewspaper.Mostofthestorywillprobablybethesame,sothestoryinyourownlanguagewillhelpyoutoprepareforreadinginEnglish.Forexample,itwillgiveyouvocabulary,andwhenyoureadtheEnglishstoryandthereissomevocabularythatyoudon'tknow,thenyoucanuseyourknowledgeofthestorytoguesswhatthenew vocabulary is.

（3）Inferencing

Youcanalsousethestrategyofreadinganewspaperstoryinyourownlanguagefirstforprediction.YoucanpredictthecontentsofthesamestoryinanEnglishnewspaper.Readingtoconfirmyourpredictionsiseasierthanreadingwithnobackgroundinformation.Clickhereformoreinformationon readingnewspapers.

（4）Prediction

 Aswellaspredictingfromnewspaperstoriesinyourownlanguage,youcanpredictfromyourknowledgeoftheworld,youknowledgeofhowpeoplethink,writeandtalk,andyourknowledgeofwhatthewriterislike.Forexample,ifyouarereadingabookitisagoodideatoreadabouttheauthorandthecontents（onthecoveroratthefrontofthebook）tohelpyoumakepredictionsaboutwhatheorshebelieves.

7.Listening Strategies

（1）PhysicalResponse

Youcanlistentoinstructionsabouthowtodosomething,andfollowtheinstructions.Relatingsoundstomovementshelpsyourememberthesounds.Sodoeslisteningtothesoundsmanytimesandrepeatingthemovements.ForexampleyoucanbuyanEnglishfitnessvideoandlistenandfollowtheinstructions,andgetfitatthesametime.

（2）Prediction

Youcanpredictwhatsomeoneisgoingtosaybythetopicoftheconversationandyourknowledgeofthatperson'sopinions.Listeningtoconfirmwhatyoupredictiseasierthanlisteningandtryingtounderstandeverything.Forexample,ifyouarewatchingafilmorTVprogrammeaboutlawyers,youcanpredictthatthedefenselawyerwillsaythathisclientis"Notguilty.",andgivereasons.Herearesomephrasesandpredictionsaboutthewordsthatwillfollow:

"Ithink"+anopinion.

"I'mafraidthat"+badnews.

"Next,"+anothertopicorpoint.

"Finally,"+alasttopicorpoint.

"But"+disagreement.

（3）Preparation

Youcanlistentothenewsinyourownlanguage,thenlistentoitinEnglish.ListeninginyourownlanguagewillhelptopredictwhattopicsandvocabularywillbeintheEnglishnews.

（4） Motivateyourself

Forexample,ifyoulike movies ormusic,youcanpracticelisteningtothem.CILLhasalargecollectionofmovies,andsomesongsonCD.

8.GrammarStrategies

（1）Deduction

Thismeansusingrulestoworkouttheanswerorhowtodosomething.Itisespeciallyusefulforgrammar,forexample,Rule:

Tochangenormalspeechtoreportedspeech;eg.forwritingminutesofameeting,movethetensesbackonepasttense.Example:

Mr.Chan-"I willsee hertomorrow."Reportedspeech-'Mr.Chansaidthat hewouldsee herthenextday.

（2）Recombination

Thismeansjoiningtogetherthingsyoualreadyknowtomakenewthings.Forexample,ifyouknowthatthe simplepasttense isusedtodescribethingsthathappenedinthepastwhichhavefinished,andyouknowthatthe presentperfecttense isusedtodescribeexperience,youcanmakeasentencethatincludesbothofthem:

 "Ifirst visited Americain1990.LastsummerI went thereagain,soI havebeen theretwice."

（3）Writingyourowngrammarbook

Thiscancontainrules,examples（e.g.fromnewspapersormagazines）,yournotes（e.g.onthingsyoudon'tunderstand）,listsofexceptions,etc.

（4）Usingnewgrammar

Afteryoulearnsomenewgrammar,useitinconversationorwriting,andseewhatyourlistener'sorreader'sreactionis:

dotheyunderstandyou?

Youcanask"DidIsaythatright?

"

（5）Getagrammarbook:

cometoCILLorgotoabookshopandlookatthedifferentgrammarbooks.Chooseonethatyouunderstand.

（6）Readandlisten

ToseehowwritersandspeakersuseEnglishgrammartocommunicat