写作Chapter 3Word格式文档下载.docx
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写作Chapter 3Word格式文档下载.docx
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CarolinesavedJake.
Heretheverbscreatedandsavedaretransitive---eachrequiresanobjecttocompleteitsmeaninginthesentence.Ineachsentence,thedirectobjectindicateswheretheverb’sactionisdirectedandwhoorwhatisaffectedbyit.
(3)Subject+TransitiveVerb+DirectObject+ObjectComplement(S+V+DO+OC)
Somesimplesentencesincludeanobjectcomplement,awordorphrasethatrenamesordescribesthedirectobject.
e.g.TheclasselectedBridgettreasurer.
Ifoundtheexameasy.
(4)Subject+LinkingVerb+SubjectComplement(S+V+SC)
Anotherkindofsimplesentenceconsistsofasubject,alinkingverb(averbthatconnectsasubjecttoitscomplement),andthesubjectcomplement(thewordorphrasethatdescribesorrenamesthesubject).
e.g.Theinjectionwaspainless.
TonyBlairbecameprimeminister.
Notethatthelinkingverbislikeanequalsign,equatingthesubjectwithitscomplement(TonyBlair=primeminister).
(5)Subject+TransitiveVerb+IndirectObject+DirectObject(S+V+IO+DO)
Somesimplesentencesincludeanindirectobject,whichindicatestowhomorforwhomtheverb’sactionwasdone.
e.g.CyranowroteRoxanneapoem.
TheofficerhandedFrankaticker.
Exercise
Directions:
Ineachofthefollowingsentences,underlinethesubjectandtheverb.Then,labeldirectobjects,indirectobjects,subjectcomplementsandobjectcomplements.
sc
Example:
IsaacAsimovwasasciencefictionwriter.
1.IsaacAsimovfirstsawsciencefictionstoriesinhisparents’Brooklynstore.
2.Hepracticedwritingbytellinghisschoolmatesstories.
3.AsimovpublishedhisfirststoryinAstoundingScienceFiction.
4.Themagazine’seditor,JohnW.Campbell,encouragedAsimovtocontinuewriting.
5.Theyoungwriterresearchedscientificprinciplestomakehisstoriesmoreaccurate.
6.Asimov’s“Foundation”seriesofnovelsisa“futurehistory”.
7.TheWorldScienceFictionConventiongavetheseriesaHugoAward.
8.SometimesAsimovused“PaulFrench”asapseudonym.
9.BiochemistryandHumanMetabolismwasAsimov’sfirstnonfictionbook.
10.Asimovcoinedthetermrobotics.
2.BuildingCompoundSentences
Speakersandwritersdon’talwaysusesimplesentencesorindependentclauseswhentheycommunicate.Theyoftenputthesesentencesorclausestogethertomakebiggersentences.
Acompoundsentenceiscreatedwhentwoormoreindependentclausesarejoinedwithcoordinatingconjunctionsandtransitions.
2.1.Coordinators
Youcanjointwoindependentclauseswithacoordinatingconjunction/coordinator,precededbyacomma.
Therearesevenwordsinthisgroup:
Coordinatingconjunctions(Coordinators):
for/and/nor/but/or/yet/so
Addition:
andContrast:
but/yet
Result:
soReason:
for
Choice:
orNegative:
nor
2.1.1.Patternofcoordinators
Positionandpunctuation:
clause,coordinatorclause
e.g.SomepeoplebelieveinIQtests,butothersdon’ttrusttheresults.
Inshortsentences,thecommamaybeleftout.
2.1.2.ImportantTips
(1)Sometimesyouwillfindthesecoordinatorsatthebeginningofasentence.ThisisacceptableininformalEnglishandinsomekindsofwriting.Whenyouarewritingforschool,trynottobeginsentenceswiththeseconjunctions.
(2)Usingnor:
Subject-verborderchangesinthesecondclausewhennorconnectstwoclausesthatstatenegative.
e.g.Somepeopledonotlearnthroughtheauditorylearningstyle,nordotheylearnthroughvisualmethods.
(3)Ifasentencehastwoindependentclausesthathavethesamesubject,itisnotalwaysnecessarytorepeatthesubjectortouseacomma.
e.g.SomepeoplearenotsureaboutIQtestsandquestiontheirfairness.
(4)Ifasentencehasmorethantwoindependentclauses,putacommaaftereachclauseandincludeacoordinatorbeforethelastclause.
e.g.SomepeoplebelieveinIQtests,othersdonotbelieveinthem,andsomeareundecided.
2.2.Transitions
2.2.1.Linkingtransitions
Youcanjointwoindependentclauseswithatransitionalwordorphrase,precededbyasemicolonandfollowedbyacomma,thiskindofconnectorscalledlinkingtransitions.
2.2.2.Frequentlyusedlinkingtransitions:
Moreinformation:
inaddition,also,furthermore,moreover.
Time:
then
Result:
therefore,thus,asaresult,consequently
forexample,forinstance
Summary:
inotherwords
2.2.3.Punctuation:
semicolon,comma
e.g.Somepeopleareconcernedaboutthesideeffectsofmanymedications;
inaddition,theymayhaveadistrustofthetraditionalhealthcaresystem.
2.2.4.Positioninsentence:
Clause;
transition,clause
Whenyouuseanyofthesewordsorexpressionstolinkclauses,besureyouhaveacompleteclausebeforeandafterthelinkingtransition.
e.g.Manypeopleuseamother’sorgrandmother’scureforacold;
forexample,theymighteatchickensoup.(correct)
forexample,chickensoup.(incorrect)
2.2.5.Introductorytransitions
Sometimesyouwillfindatransitionatthebeginningofasentence.Thiskindoftransitiondoesnotlinkclauses.Itisanintroductorytransitionandisusuallyfollowedbyacomma.
e.g.Inaddition,theseremediesmayhelpwithawidevarietyofillnessandconditions.
2.2.6.Frequentlyusedintroductorytransitions:
first,second,third,later,finally,last,next,then.
Conclusion:
inconclusion,finally
inotherwords,insum,inshort,insummary
Noticethatthesamewordsandexpressionscansometimesbeusedasintroductorytransitionsorlinkingtransitions.Otherwordsorexpressionsareusuallyonlyasintroductorytransitions.
3.BuildingComplexSentences
Acomplexsentenceconsistsofoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.
Adependentclausecannotstandalone;
itmustbecombinedwithanindependentclausetoformasentence.Asubordinatingconjunction/subordinatororrelativepronounlinkstheindependentanddependentclausesandindicatestherelationshipbetweenthem.
3.1.Subordinators
Asubordinatorisawordthatconnectstwodifferentkindsofclauses:
anindependentclause(mainclause)andadependentclause(subordinateclause).Adependentclausealwaysbeginswithasubordinator.
3.2.Twopatternsofsubordinators
Asubordinatingconjunctioncanbeinthemiddleofasentenceoratthebeginningofasentence.Noticethetwopatterns:
1.mainclausesubordinatorsubordinateclause(nocomma)
e.g.HetraveledtoEnglandafterhewrotethebook.
Inthiscaseyoudonotneedacommawiththesubordinatingconjunction.
2.subordinatorsubordinateclause,mainclause
e.g.Afterhewrotethebook,hetraveledtoEngland.
Inthiscaseyoushouldputacommabetweenthetwoclausesinordertoseparatethem.Thecommashowsthereaderexactlywherethefirstclauseendsandthesecondclausebegins.
3.3.Frequentlyusedsubordinatingconjunctions:
Subordinatorsoftime
Othersubordinators
after=laterthan
before=earlierthan
until=uptothattime
since=fromthattime
while=duringthattime
when=atthattime
whenever=everytime
as=atthetimethat,when
assoonas=immediatelyafter
althoughthough
becauseeventhough
onceinorderthat
sothatnowthat
ratherthanthat
asthoughasif
unlesswhere
wherever
Note:
Somesubordinatingconjunctions(before,after,until,since)canalsoactasprepositions.Trytorecognizewhenthesewordsareprepositionsandwhentheyareconjunctions.Theyaresubordinatingconjunctionawhentheybeginadependentclausewithasubject-verbcombinationfollowingthem.
e.g.Afterhewrotethebook,hetraveledtoEngland.
e.g.Afterwritingthebook,hetraveledtoEngland.
3.3.1.Relativepronouns
Relativepronounsassubjects
Arelativeclausecanbeusedifthetwosimplesentencesyouwanttocombinehaveanounorpronounthatisthesame(arepeatednounorpronoun).
Arelativeclausedescribesorgivesmoreinformationaboutanounorpronounintheotherclause.
Step-by-stepprocesstocombinesentencesbymakingarelativeclause
Stepone.Startwiththetwosentencestobecombinedandfindtherepeatednounorpronoun.
e.g.Alloftheceremoniesarepreformedunderthedirectionofapriestpractitioner.
Thepriestpractitioner(orhe)isknowninNavajoashatathli.
Steptwo.Replacetherepeatednoun(inthesecondsentence)witharelativepronoun.Inthiscase,usewho,thesubjectpronounforaperson.
e.g.Thepriestpractitioner(orhe)
subject=who
isknowninNavajoashatathli.
Stepthree.Placetherelativeclausenexttothenounitisdescribinginthefirstsentence.
e.g.AlloftheceremoniesarepreformedunderthedirectionofapriestpractitionerwhoisknowninNavajoashatathli.
Relativepronoun:
which,that
Whentherepeatednoun
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