最新职称英语理工类B级真题优选及答案doc.docx
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最新职称英语理工类B级真题优选及答案doc.docx
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最新职称英语理工类B级真题优选及答案doc
2020年职称英语理工类B级真题及答案
理工类B级阅读理解
CanyouhearThis?
Whensomethingcreatesasoundwaveinaroomoranauditorium(礼堂),listenershearthesoundwavedirectlyfromthesource.Theyalsohearthereflectionsasthesoundbouncesoffthewalls,floor,andceiling.Thesearecalled
thereflectedwaveorreverberant(反射的)sound,whichcanbeheardevenafterthesoundisnolongercomingfromthesource.
Thereverberationtimeofanauditoriumisdeterminedbythevolumeorinteriorsizeoftheauditorium.Itisalsodeterminedbyhowwellorhowpoorlythewalls,ceiling,floor,andcontentsoftheroom(includingthepeople)absorbsound.Thereisnoidealreverberationtime.Thefull-soundperformanceofmusicsuchasWagneroperasorMahlersymphoniesshouldhavealongreverberationtime.The
light,rapidmusicalpassagesofBachorMozartneedareverberationtimesomewherebetween.
Acousticproblemsoftenarecausedbypoorauditorium
design.Smooth,curved(弯曲的)reflectingsurfacescreate
largereflections.Parallel(平行的)wallsreflectsoundback
andforth,creatingarapid,repetitivepulsing(有节奏的跳
动)effect.Largepillars(柱)andcornerscancauseacoustic
shadowsasthesoundwavestrytopassaroundtheobject.Someoftheseproblemscanbesolvedbyusingabsorbersandrelectorstochangethereverberationtimeofaroom.Forexample,hanginglargereflectors,calledclouds,overtheperformerswillallowsomesoundfrequenciestoreflectandotherstopassyoachieveapleasingmixtureofsound.
1.ThisPassageismainlyabout
Asoundwavesandtheiracousticeffect.
Bthetypesofmusicorchestrasplay
Cwallsofanauditorium
Dthedesignofanauditorium
2.WagneroperasandMahlersymphoniessoundfullerinanauditoriumwith
~2/3~
Aashortreverberationtime
Balongreverberationtime
Canintermediatereverberationtime
Dnoreverberationtime
3.Thispassagesuggeststhatagoodauditoriumshould
Aachieveapleasingmixtureofsound
Bgetridofallreflections
Cnothaveabsorbers.
Dhavesmoothsurfaces
4.Largepillarsandcornersmay
Amakesoundrichandfull
Bbecuresforsoundproblems
Cbesourcesofsoundproblems
Dfunctionaswellasclouds
5.Theword“acoustic“inthelastparagraphhassomethingtodowith
AperformanceBMusic
CsoundDnoise
SmartWindow
Windowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricity
useforlighting,butthelightcomingthroughthewindow
alsoprovidesheat.However,windowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedge1technology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch2.
“Ittookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindow
reallyis,”saysClaesGranqvist.He'saprofessorofsolid-
statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden3.“It'scontact
withtheoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisualcontactwith
thesurroundingworldtofeelwell.”So,windowsandnatural
lightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhen
they'restuckindoors.
Yet,windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenit
comestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewinter,cold
airleaksin.Whenit'shotandsunny,sunlightstreamsin.All
ofthissunlightcarrieslotsofheatandenergy.Andallof
thisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirair
conditioners.Producingblastsofcoldair,whichcanfeelso
refreshing,actuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.
Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchfora
longtime.Overtheyears,scientistshavecomeupwitha
varietyofstrategiesforcoating,glazing,andlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.
Electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochange
color.Forexample,asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayers
ofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlike
abattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeis
appliedanddarkwhenthechargeisremoved,thatis,when
theamountofvoltageisdecreased,thewindowdarkensuntil
it'scompletelydarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.
Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmart
isthatithasasortof“memory.”Allittakesisasmalljoltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetothe
other.Then,itstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom
10secondstoafewminutes,dependingonthesizeofthe
window.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthat
massiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.“Inthe
future,”Granqvistsa
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