Chapter 1 IntroductionWord文件下载.docx
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Chapter 1 IntroductionWord文件下载.docx
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itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticscommunication.
b)2)phonology:
itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.
c)3)morphology:
itstudiesthewayinwhichsymbolsrepresentingsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.
d)4)syntax:
itstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsthatfromgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.
e)5)semantics:
itstudiesmeaningconveyed.
f)6)pragmatics:
itstudiesmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.
3.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?
Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:
Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescription.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten,Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendtoemphasizemaybeover-emphasizetheimportanceofthewrittenword.Finally,modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Whiletotraditionalgrammar,LatinprovidesauniversalframeworkintoLatinpatternsandcategories,especiallyitscasesystemandtensedivisionsofpast,presentandfuture.
4..Inmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?
Why?
Inmodernlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone.Itisbelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.Synchronicdescriptionsareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence,somostlinguisticstudiesareofthistype.
5.Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?
Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytospeechratherthantowritingforthefollowingreasons:
fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways"invented"byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.Andalso,speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguistics,spokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.
6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
1)ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebySaussure.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.SimilartothisdistinctionisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancemadebyChomsky.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
2)AccordingtoSaussure, paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticfacts, toovariedandconfusingforsystematicinvestigation, andwhatlinguisticsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence,nothisperformance,whichistoohaphazardalthoughaspeakerpossessesaninternalizedsetofrulesandappliestheminactualuse,hecannottellexactlywhattheserulesare.Sothetaskofthelinguisticsistodiscoverandspecifytheserules.
7.Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood, comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?
1)Languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.
2)Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.
3)Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.
4)Languageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemotherformsoflifepossess.
8.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?
Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationarereferredtoasitsdesignfeatures,whichinclude:
1)arbitrariness:
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
2)productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsuser.
3)duality:
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargernumberofunitsatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thentheunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.
4)displacement:
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.
5)culturaltransmission:
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
9.Whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?
Thinkofyourownexamplesforillustration.
1)informative
2)interpersonalfunction
3)performative
4)emotivefunction
5)phaticcommunion
6)recreationalfunction
7)metalingualfunctionfunction
Usethemetalingualfunctionforillustration.Forexample,Icanusethewordbooktotalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“book”itself.
补充练习
一、选择题
1.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”wellillustrates().
A.thearbitrarynatureoflanguage
B.thecreativenatureoflanguage
C.theuniversalityoflanguage
D.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication
2.Thefactthatdifferentlanguagehavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguage().
A.arbitrary
B.non-arbitrary
C.logical
D.non-productive
3.Linguistsisthescientificstudyof().
A.aparticularlanguage
B.theEnglishlanguage
C.humanlanguageingeneral
D.thesystemofparticularlanguage
4.Chomskyusertheterm()torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.
A.langue
B.competence
C.parole
D.performance
5.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa().
A.comparative
B.diachronic
C.up-to-date
D.descriptive
答案:
1.A2.A3.C4.D5.B
二、 填空题
1.Inthecourseoftime,thestudyoflanguagehascometoestablishcloselinkswithotherbranchesof(social)studies,suchassociologyandpsychology.
2.LanguageexistsIntimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalleda(synchronic)studyoflanguage.
3.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguistic(facts)beforetheycandoanythingelse.
4.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe(descriptive)
三、判断题
1.Inthehistoryofanylanguagethewritingsystemalwayscameintobeingbeforethespokenform.F
2.Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmittedF
3.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethebestauthorsforlanguageusage.T
4.Thewritingsystemoflanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;
thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.T
5.Modernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.F
四、名词解释
1.Culturetransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)
Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransm
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