全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题二 上Word格式文档下载.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题二 上Word格式文档下载.docx
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[C]debatable
[D]untrustworthy
2、
B
[A]checked
[B]tested
[C]approved
[D]confirmed
3、
D
[A]prefer
[B]tempt
[C]intend
[D]tend
4、
C
[A]hedge
[B]circle
[C]realm
[D]scope
5、
[A]thereby
[B]however
[C]moreover
[D]notwithstanding
6、
[A]rather
[B]otherwise
[C]anyway
[D]furthermore
7、
[A]integrity
[B]availability
[C]reliability
[D]controversy
8、
[A]By
[B]To
[C]On
[D]For
9、
[A]merely
[B]oddly
[C]fairly
[D]rarely
10、
[A]refer
[B]indicate
[C]modify
[D]describe
11、
[A]discrimination
[B]distinction
[C]exception
[D]presumption
12、
[A]to
[B]on
[C]for
[D]with
13、
[A]fancy
[B]false
[C]vivid
[D]virtual
14、
[A]presents
[B]reaches
[C]provides
[D]grants
15、
[A]until
[B]unless
[C]when
[D]while
16、
[A]imagine
[B]conclude
[C]predict
[D]perceive
17、
[A]identically
[B]uniformly
[C]cautiously
[D]seriously
18、
[A]on
[B]to
[C]with
[D]in
19、
[A]summarize
[B]systematize
[C]recognize
[D]revitalize
20、
[A]latent
[B]intact
[C]odd
[D]key
二、阅读理解题(每题2分,共40分)阅读下列短文,理解意思后选择下列答案中正确的一个
Partofthescientificfaithofthelatenineteenthcenturywastheviewthattherewasoneandonlyonescientificmethod.Thismethod,arguedwriterslikeKarlPearsoninhisGrammarofScience,wastheonlysuremethodforarrivingatknowledgeinanysphere.Themethodwaseasilydescribed:
collectthefactsintheareaunderstudy;
orderthemintosequences,suchthatlaw�瞝ikeoccurrencescouldbeseen;
then,writedownthelawssoidentified.Accordingtothisview,disciplinesdifferedonlyastosubjectmatter,sincetheunityofscienceconsistedofitsmethodalone.Also,accordingtothisview,theresultsofscientificinvestigation(that冲刺is,newknowledge)willalwaysbeembodiedintheformofalawconnectingthefactsintheareaunderstudy.
Explanation,accordingtothisview,issimplyaccountingforfactsonthebasisofadeductionfromaknownlaworlaws,oraccountingforsomesubordinatelawonthebasisofadeductionfromsomemoregenerallaworlaws.ThemostinfluentialformulationofthisexplanationisCarlG�盚empel�餾,perhapsmostaccessiblyarticulatedinhisarticle“ExplanationinScienceandHistory.”Sometimes,accordingtoHempel,suchlawsareofastrictlyuniversalformandothertimestheyareofaprobabilisticorstatisticalform.Theyareassertions,inthislattercase,ofthekindthatifcertainspecifiedconditionsarerealizedthenanoccurrenceofsuchandsuchakindwillcomeaboutwithsuchandsuchaprobability.
Ithinkthatitwouldbetruetosaythatinthelatenineteenthcenturyitwasfeltthatonefeaturedistinguishingphysicsfromhistoryasadisciplinewasthat,eveniftheysharedexactlythesamemethod,physicshadnoneedforthelatterkindofprobabilisticexplanation-atleastinprinciple-whileinhistoryitwasunavoidable.
However,inthetwentiethcentury,whateverelsemaydistinguishphysicsandhistoryasdisciplinesitisnotthatphysicsusesonlystrictlyuniversallawsanddeductiveexplanationsinthenineteenth�瞔enturysense,whilehistorydoesnot.Thephysicsofthiscentury,from1900onward,hasbeeninterestedinaggregates(集成体)ofcertainclassesofphysicalindividuals(theparticles)andinaccountsoftheindividualsthatwouldenableonetounderstandtheaggregates.Asaconsequencepartlyofthis(necessary)interestinstatisticaldatapertainingtotheverysmall,aswellasforanumberofotherreasons,physicistshavetendedtoformulatethemechanicsoftheverysmallintermsofequationsinwhichprobabilisticnotionsarefundamental.
21、AccordingtoKarlPearson,onlyonescientificmethod
2分)
[A]prevailedineveryfieldofstudyduring1890�餾.
[B]directedthecollectionandarrangementoffacts.
[C]servedasauniqueelementunitingalldisciplines.
[D]madetheidentificationofnewknowledgeplausible.
22、AsstatedbyHempel,generallawsare
[A]basedondetailedaccountsofactualfacts.
[B]composedofsubordinatelawsbydeduction.
[C]realizedinprobabilisticorstatisticform.
[D]appliedtoallcasesorundercertainconditions.
23、Theauthorfeelssureofthetruththatin19thcentury
[A]physicsandhistorysharedacommonfeature.
[B]thesamemethodblendedhistorywithphysics.
[C]statisticallawswerecompatiblewithphysics.
[D]probabilisticmethodwasinapplicabletohistory.
24、Inthe20thcentury,itwastruethat
[A]universallawsceasedtobelongmerelytophysics.
[B]deductiveexplanationsbecamedominantinhistory.
[C]distinctionbetweenhistoryandphysicsturnedobscure.
[D]statisticalexplanationswereadoptedbyphysicists.
25、Inthestudyofphysicalparticles,
[A]statisticalinformationaccountsfortheinterestinaggregates.
[B]probabilisticconceptionsresultfromtheirformulation.
[C]descriptionoftheirmechanicsisbasedonstatisticaldata.
[D]physicalequationsareaccountableforprobabilisticideas.二、阅读理解题(每题2分,共40分)阅读下列短文,理解意思后选择下列答案中正确的一个
Throughouthistory,goldhasbeenapreciousmaterial,eagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishable(whichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearout),andbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld�餾largestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreece,Scythia,andEgypt,aswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPeru,representedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins(矿脉),oftenbyslavelabor.
Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknown,evenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelry,decorativefinishes,anddentistry,itsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosion,andcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired.
GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregion,beginningabout1792.Thesedeposits,thoughrich,wererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresult,theproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly.
DuringWorldWarⅠandforsomeyearsthereafter,annualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounce,productionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡ,goldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear.
ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakota,whichyieldsabout575,000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial.
26、Withrespecttogold,theauthorfavo
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