广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献Word格式.docx
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广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献Word格式.docx
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Communicatinguncertainty-howAustraliantelevisionreportedH1N1riskin2009:
acontentanalysis
【AndreaSFogarty1,KateHolland2,MichelleImison1,RWarwickBlood2,SimonChapman1*andSimonHolding1】
Abstract
1.Background:
Healthofficialsfaceparticularchallengesincommunicatingwiththepublicaboutemerginginfectiousdiseasesofunknownseveritysuchasthe2009H1N1(swine‘flu)pandemic(pH1N1).Statementsintendedtocreateawarenessandconveytheseriousnessofinfectiousdiseasethreatscandrawaccusationsofscaremongering,whileofficialscanbeaccusedofcomplacencyifsuchstatementsarenotmade.Inthesecommunicationcontexts,newsjournalists,oftenreliantonofficialsourcestounderstandissuesarepivotalinselectingandemphasisingaspectsofofficialdiscoursedeemedsufficientlynewsworthytopresenttothepublic.Thispaperpresentsacase-studyofnewscommunicationregardingtheemergenceofpH1N1.
2.Methods:
WeconductedacontentanalysisofalltelevisionnewsitemsaboutpH1N1.Weexaminednewsandcurrentaffairsitemsbroadcaston5free-to-airSydneytelevisionchannelsbetweenApril252009(thefirstreport)andOctober9(priortothevaccinerelease)forstatementsabouttheseriousnessofthediseasehowthepubliccouldminimisecontagiongovernmentresponsestoemerginginformation.
3.Results:
pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightof24weeksandwasinthetop5for20weeks.353newsitemswereidentified,yielding3086statementsforanalysis,with63.4%relatedtotheseriousnessofthesituation,12.9%providingadviceforviewersand23.6%involvingassurancesfromgovernment.Coveragefocusedoninfection/mortalityrates,thespreadofthevirus,theneedforpubliccalm,thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups,directandindirectadviceforviewers,andgovernmentreassurancesabouteffectivemanagement.
4.Conclusions:
Overall,thereportingof2009pH1N1inSydney,Australiawasgenerallynon-alarmist,whileconveyingthatpH1N1waspotentiallyserious.Dailyinfectionratetalliesandcommentaryonchangesinthepandemicalertlevelwereseldomcontextualisedtoassistviewersinunderstandingpersonalrelevance.Suggestionsaremadeabouthowfuturereportingofemerginginfectiousdiseasescouldbeenhanced.
Background
Inrecentyears,Australianshavebeenexposedtoarangeoflarge–scalenewscoverageandhealthpromotioncampaignsaboutcommunicabledisease.Thesehaveincludedseasonalinfluenzaadvisories;
campaignspromotingimmunisationforvaccine-preventablediseases;
travellervaccinationmessages;
sexuallytransmitteddiseasepreventioncampaigns,includinghumanpapillomavirusvaccinetopreventcervicalcancer;
HIV/AIDSandhepatitisBandCprevention.WiththeexceptionofHIV/AIDSandsexually-transmitteddiseases,eachofthesehasavaccineandcleardirectivesabouthowtoavoidinfection,formingthecentralcommunicativefocusofsuchcampaigns.
TheWHO-declaredglobalpH1N1(swine‘flu)pandemicof2009hasattractedresearchattentionfromvirologistsandinfectiousdiseasespecialists,butlessfromcommunicationscholars.FromthefirstreportsofMexicancasesinlateApril2009,whatwouldbecomesustainedAustralianreportagerapidlyturnedtothelikelihoodofAustraliancasesinvolvingperhapsepidemicandhighmortalitynumbers.Australianswereexposedtodailynewsfeaturingthecountry’sseniorhealthofficialsandanarrayofinfectiousdiseaseexperts,whounavoidably,hadtodealwiththeuncertainandcomplextrajectoriesandvirulenceofthediseaseinthecontextofnewsproductionculturescharacterizedbysevensecondsound-bitesandanappetiteforunambiguous,easilyunderstoodinformation.
Methods
SinceMay2005,theAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaborationhasrecordedandcategorisedallnews,currentaffairsand‘infotainment’programmesrelatedtohealthandmedicineonSydneyfree-to-airtelevisionstations.WesearchedtheAHNRCdatabaseandincludedallitemstaggedwith‘H1N1’or‘swineflu’intheperiodApril25,2009(thefirstmention)untilOctober92009.Allstorieswerevideoclipswhichwereusedforthecontentanalysisreportedhere.UsingalistofcontentcategoriesthatemergedprogressivelyfromthecontentasthepH1N1storyevolved,twoauthors(AFandMI)comparedcodingonasetof15randomclipsthateachwatchedandcodedindividually.Afterresolvinganycodingdifferencesandagreeinguponhowparticularitemsshouldbehandled,theycodedtheremainderoftheitems.Thesecategoriesrelatedtostatementsmaderegarding[1]theseriousnessofH1N1,[2]recommendedactionsviewerswereadvisedtotakeaboutavoidingcontractingorspreadingpH1N1,and[3]reassurancesthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituation.Astatementwasanydirect(Xsaid“Y”)orattributed("
Xsaidthat...”)quotebythejournalistsornewsactorsfeaturedineachitem.Atestofinter-coderreliabilityproducedaKappastatisticof0.63,indicatingagoodlevelofagreement.
TheroleoftheInternetasaplatformfordeliveringpublichealthinterventionstospecificpatientgroupsandtothegeneralpublicisconstantlyincreasing,dueinparticulartoitsdisseminatingpotential:
theworldwidepenetrationoftheInternetisincreasingandtheuseofthismediumforseekinghealthinformationisfrequent.Moreover,theInternetpotentialforindividualtailoringandinteractivityissuperiortothatofotherhighreach-deliverychannels.
Results
Atotalof353newsstorieswereidentified,containing3,086statementsrelatedtothethreekeyareasofinquiry.Duringthe24weeksreportedhere,pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightweeksandfor20weeksremainedinthetopfivemostfrequentlyreportedhealthstories.WealsonotethattheviruswasrarelyreferredtobythenamepH1N1duringthecoverageandinstead,wasroutinelytermedswine‘flu.Whenreportingexactquoteswehavethereforeretainedthetermswine‘flu.
(1)SeriousnessOfpH1N1
Ofallstatements,63.4%(n=1,958/3,086)relatedtotheseriousnessofpH1N1.Thiswascommunicatedviafourrecurringstories:
(i)dailytalliesofinfectionandmortality;
(ii)des-criptionsofspreadofthevirus;
(iii)theneedforcalmresponses;
and(iv)thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups.Webrieflysummariseotherstatementswhichdidnotcomprisesignificantproportionsofthecoverage,butmayhavebeenimportanttothosewhoincidentallysawsomenewsstories.ThisincludedsimilaritiesbetweenpH1N1andotherviruses,governmentmanagementplans,andtheneedforsystemscoveringdiagnosisandtheanticipatedvaccinerollout.
(2)AdviceAndRecommendedActionsForViewers
Inmorethanonethirdofstories(n=131/353-37%)directorindirectadvicewasgivenonwhatviewerscoulddotopreventspreadinginfection.However,thesestatementsaccountedforjust12.9%(n=399/3,086)ofallstatements.Justoveraquarter(27.8%,n=111/399)focusedonbasicpersonalhygiene,anotherquarterrelatedtopreventinginfectionbybeingmindfulofissuesofproximity(27.8%,n=111/399)andafifthadvisedseeingadoctorandseekingfurtherinformation(20.6%,n=82/399).
(3)ReassuranceThatGovernmentWasHandlingTheSituation
Ofallstatementsrecorded,23.6%(n=729/3,086)assuredviewersthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituationbyelaboratingonitscurrentandproposedactions.
Aboutathirdofthesestatements(29.8%,n=217/729)referredtotheimmediateneedfortheGovernmenttodevelop,testandthendistributeavaccinestartingwithprioritygroups.
Aquarterofthesestatements(25.9%,n=189/729)reassuredthepublicthatthegovernmentwasputtingsignificanteffortintobordercontrolmeasuresdesignedtopreventpH1N1enteringAustralia,andfollowingupandcontainingdetectedinfection.Thesestatementsgenerallyconcernedquarantinemeasures,theuseofthermalimagingatairportsorstatementsaboutnewmeasuresandongoingmonitoringofthesituation。
Conclusions
TheAustraliangovernmentandmediaactedresponsiblybyprovidingregular,highprofileandhighlytransparentinformationontheemergingintelligenceaboutthepandemic.Uncertaintyaboutthetrajectoryofthediseasewasopenlyacknowledgedandreassurancesgivenaboutgovernmentpreparedness.Potentiallydissonancegeneratingnewscoveragethatmighthaveengenderedpanic,complacencyorcynicismabout“yetanotherepidemic”wasuncommon.
TheInternetisarichandefficientsourceofinformationaboutinfectiousdiseasesandtheirprevention.Itsroleinsocialmarketingcanbecrucial.Integratingitspotentialswiththoseofothermediacanguaranteeabroadspreadofinformation.Moreover,publichealthinterventionstransmittedthroughthismediumcouldtargetgroupswithpeculiarcharacteristics.Inconclusion,inordertoguaranteeanadequateuseofthisinstrumentbythepublic,healthprofessionals,whoarestilloneofthemainsourcesofinformationregardinghealthmatters,shouldguidepatientstootherreliablesources(informationprescription)atthesametime,deeperattentionshouldbepaidbyPublicHealthAgenciestowardsqualityofinformationandsearchengineoptimization;
studiesliketheonepresentedinthisarticleshouldbeusedmoreoftentoimprovedeliveryofpublichealthinformationtothegeneralpublic.Furtherresearchshouldexplorehowvariouspublicsdecodedandreceivedtheinformationandadviceprovidedandhowjournalistsapproachedthechallengesofmakingthison-goingstorymaximallynewsworthy.Triangulatedwithcontentanalysisofwhatwasbroadcast,suchasthispaper,thesestudiescouldprovidevaluableinformati
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