FranklinDRooseveltandtheNewDealWord文档下载推荐.docx
- 文档编号:22832000
- 上传时间:2023-02-05
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:7
- 大小:272.16KB
FranklinDRooseveltandtheNewDealWord文档下载推荐.docx
《FranklinDRooseveltandtheNewDealWord文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《FranklinDRooseveltandtheNewDealWord文档下载推荐.docx(7页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
executesocialreliefandfood-for-workpolicy.Ithelpedthecountryrecoverfromeconomicdisasterandputmillionsofdesperatepeoplebacktowork.ThenewdealnotonlyhasalonglastinginfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates,butalsoinspiresmanycapitalistcountries.
1.Thebackgroundofthenewdeal
1.1thedisastrousinfluenceofglobalfinancialcrisis
October1929,mostofthepeopleintheworldwereenjoyingtheprosperityCapitalismbroughtabout.WhensuddenlyanightmarestartedwithStockmarketcrashedbrokeoutwithoutanyindication.Fromtable1,itcanbelearntthatduring1929~1933,America’sIndustrycrashed70%and,theexportdecline46.2%,thenumberofunemployedsoarsupto17million.Atthattime,Porridgestandswereeverywhere.Manypeoplebecomehomelessandtheyputuptentsinthestreets.SomescholarsnameditHooverville.Thosepeopleweresodesperatelythattheyputtheirpocketinsideoutandwanderedaroundthestreets.SomescholarsnamedthosepocketsHooverpockets.
Table1.TheinfluenceofthefinancialcrisistomainCapitalistcountriesduring1929-1933
America
Germany
England
France
Japan
Theworld
industrial
decline
70﹪
69.1﹪
50﹪
48﹪
1/3
Foreigntradereduction
46.2﹪
40.6﹪
28.4﹪
16.5﹪
8.4﹪
2/3
unemployment
17
million
4.76
About3.00
0.85
3
30
Source:
seniorhighhistorytextbook
Underthiseconomiccrisis,allkindsofsocialcontradictionsoccurred.Protestsagainstpoverty,hunger,unemploymentwereeverywhere.During1929~1933,thereweremorethan3000strike,andthenumberofpeopleincreasedfrom900thousandto1,560thousand.
1.2Thefailureofthetraditionaleconomicpolicy
Atthebeginningofthefinancialcrisis,PresidentHerbertHooveratfirstrefusedtointervenebecauseoftheideologyofautomaticmarkets.Theybelievethemarketitselfcanfixthisproblem.
Roosevelt’sidealsstandopposedtocrasspowerpoliticsandneoliberaldoctrine.Hedeclared:
“Thetestofourprogressisnotwhetherweaddmoretotheabundanceofthosewhohavemuch;
itiswhetherweprovideenoughforthosewhohavetoolittle.”
PresidentFranklinDelanoRoosevelt’sinaugurationonMarch4,1933heraldedtheNewDealofgovernmentactivismthathehadpledgedtotheAmericanpeopleduringhiscampaign.
2.ThemeasuresoftheNewdeal
2.1rectifyandreformthefinancialsector
March6,1993,thegovernmentcalledanational'
bankholiday'
inordertostoppeoplefromwithdrawingmoney.March9,thecongresspassedEmergencyBankingAct.ItauthorizedtheMinistryoffinancetocheckLiabilitiesofthebanks.Afterwards,DepositInsuranceActwasapproved.FederalDepositInsuranceCorporationwassetupandthedepositamountunder500USDwillbeguaranteeditssafetybythegovernment.In1935,thegovernmentissuedtheBankingLaw.Itrequestedbankswithmorethan1millionUSDtojoinedFederalReserveBanktoguaranteethesecurityofthesaving.Inthemeantime,itseparatedtheCommercialbanksandinvestmentbanks;
forbidbanksruntheDepositsandsecuritiesbusinessatthesametimeanditwasnotbelegaltousecustomers’forinvestmentuses.Aftertheseefforts,75%banksre-openednationwide.NewYorkStockExchangeandtheChicagocommoditiesmarketbacktobusinessagain.
ChristinaRomer(1992),whomakesastrongcaseforthecriticalroleofmonetaryrecovery,callsthis"
monetarypolicy"
butitwasfarmore:
Roosevelt’steamwasreconstructingtheentirefinancialsysteminordertosaveit.
2.2adjusttheagriculture
ThefederalgovernmentpassedAgriculturalAdjustmentActin1933and1938.Itexpandedthesocialdemandandcontrolledthesupplythroughthegovernment.Ontheonehand,thegovernmentuseitspowertoaccelerateconsumeinfarmproductsintheformofpublicwelfare.Also,thegovernmentprovidedexportsubsidies,Seller'
screditetctostimulatetheexport.Ontheotherhand,thegovernmentadjustedthearableland,farmingproductstructureandpricebasedonthemarket.Becauseofthesemeasures,thefarmers’incomeincreasedby38%andthepurchaseabilityincreasedby25%withinayear.Thenetincomeofthefarmersincreasedby3,378billionin1935comparedwith1932.
2.3Savetheindustry
1933,thegovernmentpassedtheIndustrialRecoveryActtofixtheindustry.ItrequestenterpriseCompliedwiththeprincipleoffaircompetition;
establishunionsandstrengthenthecorporationbetweenthem.Inthisway,thegovernmentcanadjustthesupplyandthepricetoeaseoverproductionthroughtheunions.Ontheotherhand,thegovernmentsetupthelowestsalaryandthehighestworkingofficehour.Withtheseefforts,90%ofthefactoriesandcorporationjointhismovement.Asaresult,morejobswerecreatedandworkers’incomeincreased.Fromthefigure1,in1932,therewerelessthan24millionpeoplehaveajob,butin1941over36millionpeoplewereemployed.Also,itcanbelearnfromthefigure2thattheUnemploymentRatewasdecliningsincethebeginningoftheNewdeal
2.4Holdpublicworks,expandingsocialdemands,settletheunemployed
1993,Congressspeedilyauthorized3.3billioninemergencyspendingforjobcreationandreliefofthestatesundertheNIRA,whichincludedtheFederalEmergencyRecoveryAgency(FERA)andthePublicWorksAdministration(PWA).TheCivilianConservationCorps(CCC)andTennesseeValleyAuthority(TVA)contributedfurtherinjectionsofnewspending.September1933,therewereabout3millionworkershadajobagain.Theaveragehourlywageincreasedfrom40centsto52cents.Afurther$4.88billionwasaddedintheEmergencyReliefAppropriationof1935.RoughlyhalfthefederalbudgetduringtheRooseveltThirtiesconsistedofemergencydisbursementsmeanttofighttheDepression.
2.5establishnationalsocialinsurancesystem
1935,thecongresspassedthefirstSocialInsuranceLaw.Theinsurancesystemgraduallybuiltup.Totheyearof1939,thisinsurancecoverUnemploymentinsurance,PensionReliefsystemforchildren,women,anddisabledpersonshasbeenformed.Itnotonlyhelpstoeasetheconfrontationbetweenemployersandemployees,Butalsoconducivetoguaranteethereproduction.Thesesystemshelpedtotheeasingdamagingeffectsofthecrisisandhelpthemarkettomaintainacertainpurchasingpower.
3.ThehistoricalinfluenceoftheNEWDeal
Fromthefigure1,itcanbetellthatafterthereformsandpoliciesUnitedStates’realGDPkeptgrowinginaveryhighspeed.Bytheendof1960,therealGDPoftheUnitedStateshavereached2,800billiondollars.
Figure1.RealGDPgrowthoftheUnitedStatesfrom1910-1960
FDR’s_New_Deal
Fugure2.WeeklyWagesinManufacturing,1927-1935
Rose2009,p.45
Fromthefigure3,therewere24millionpeoplewereemployedin1932.Butin1940thereweremorethan36milliongothired.Also,fromthefigure4,during1930~1938,theunemployedratestayinaveryhighlevel.Butafter1940,theunemploymentratestarteddropping.Gradually,itreturnedtothesamelevelbeforethefinancialcrisis.
Figure3.TotalEmploymentintheUnitedStates,1928-1941
http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:
US_Manufacturing_Employment_Graph_-_1920_to_1940.svg
Figure4.UnemploymentrateofUnitedStatesfrom1910-1960
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- FranklinDRooseveltandtheNewDeal
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)