最新整理语言学名词解释.docx
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最新整理语言学名词解释.docx
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最新整理语言学名词解释
(完整)语言学名词解释
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Definethefollowingterms:
1。
Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2. Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology。
3. Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.。
4。
Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics。
5。
Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics。
6。
Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
7. Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
8. Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology。
9。
Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics。
10. Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.
11。
Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability。
12. Arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage。
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds
13。
Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
14. Displacement:
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar—awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker
15. Duality:
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings。
16。
Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
17. Competence:
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,
18。
Performance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication。
19. Langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently
20。
Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation。
45。
phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication。
21。
phoneme:
Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue。
Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures。
22.allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme。
23.internationalphoneticalphabet:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
24。
intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation。
25。
phonetics:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages
26。
auditoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview。
Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.
27.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves。
Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother。
528.phone:
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment。
Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning。
529。
phonemiccontrast:
Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.
30。
tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords。
31。
minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
33. Morphology:
Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed。
34。
inflectionalmorphology:
Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections
35。
derivationalmorphology:
Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword—formation。
36。
Morpheme:
Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage。
37. freemorpheme:
Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.
38。
Boundmorpheme:
Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
39. Root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword。
40. Affix:
Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational。
Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.
41. Prefix:
Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword。
Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.
42。
Suffix:
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
43. Derivation:
Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword。
44。
Compounding:
Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.
45。
syntax:
Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics。
Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.
46。
Sentence:
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.
47. coordinatesentence:
Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and”,”but”,"or".
48。
syntacticcategories:
Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.
49。
grammaticalrelations:
Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb。
Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.
50。
linguisticcompetence:
Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.
51。
Transformationalrules:
Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype。
52。
D-structure:
D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace。
Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure。
53.Semantics:
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
54。
Sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualised。
55.Reference:
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience
56。
Synonymy:
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.
57。
Polysemy:
Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
58。
Homonymy:
Homonymyreferstothephenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i。
e。
differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
59。
homophones:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones
60.homographs:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.
61。
completehomonyms。
:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.
62。
Hyponymy:
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecifi
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