Lecture 3《英语词汇学》第三章教案.docx
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Lecture3《英语词汇学》第三章教案
Lecture3
讲授题目:
BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary
所属章节:
《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章
计划学时:
2periods
教学方法:
传统讲授法
参考资料:
《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》
教学目的和要求:
通过本单元的学习,学生对词的定义,词汇的分类等词的基本知识有了一定的了解。
教学重点:
1)Whatisaword?
2)Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning.
3)ClassificationofEnglishwords.
教学难点:
1)Thedefinitionofword.
2)Classificationofwords.
1.Whatisaword
Whatisaword?
Thisquestionhasoccupiedtheattentionoflinguistsforages.Althoughnumerousdefinitionshavebeensuggested,noneofthemseemtobeperfect.Scholarsdon’tagreeonthedefinitionoftheword.Tosumup,thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:
▪
(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;
(一门语言中最小的自由形式)
▪
(2)asoundunity;
(一个声音统一体)
▪(3)aunitofmeaning;
(一个意义单位)
▪(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.
(在句子中能独立起作用的一个形式)
Therefore,wecansaythatawordis“aminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction”.
(词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
)
※如果撇开能不能独立运用这一点,词就不是最小的有语义的单位。
语言中最小的“语音语义的结合体”称为“词素”(morpheme)。
2.SoundandMeaning
Awordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.
Eachoftheworld’scultureshascometoagreethatcertainsoundswillrepresentcertainpersons,things,places,properties,processesandactivitiesoutsidethelanguagesystem.Thissymbolicconnectionisalmostarbitrary,andthereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’(LodwigandBarrett1993).
IntroductionofNaturalist(自然派)andConventionalist(习惯派)
▪Thedifferencebetweenthetwoschoolsliesinthebeliefthatsoundhasorhasn’tdirectornecessaryconnectionwithmeaning.
▪Thenaturaliststhinkthesoundmustbeanechoofthesense.(音必定成为义的回声)Theconventionalistsholdthatthereisnointrinsiclogicalconnectionorrelationshipbetweenthesoundandthemeaningexceptonomatopoeia(拟声词).
Onomatopoeia(拟声词)
●Gingle—铃声—铃pat—轻拍声—轻拍
▪Ping-pong—乒乓声—乒乓球
▪Cuckoo—布谷鸟叫声—布谷鸟
▪Drum—鼓声—鼓bomb—爆炸声—炸弹
▪Crash--轰隆声--猛撞,崩溃,破产,垮台
▪E.g.Thethundercrashedoverhead.
▪雷声在头顶隆隆作响。
▪Theboilingwatercrackedtheglass.
▪滚烫的开水使玻璃杯炸裂了。
▪OnomatopoeiaalsoexistsinChinese:
▪请帮我“咔嚓”一张。
▪两人都同时“哦”了一声。
Forexample,a‘‘dog’’iscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.Itisonlysymbolic.Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventionalbecausepeopleofthesamespeechcommunityhaveagreedtorefertotheanimalwiththisclusterofsounds.
Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Woman,forexample,becomes‘frau’inGerman,‘femme’inFrenchand‘fùnǔ’inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound[mi:
t]isusedtomeanmeet,meat,mete.Knightandnight,thoughdenotingentirelydifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.
3.SoundandForm
Itisgenerallyagreedthatthewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundshouldbesimilartotheform.ThisisquitetrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish.Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.
①TheinternalreasonforthisisthatEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans(Latinalphabet),whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage,sosomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.
②Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawfarapart.Duringthelastfivehundredyears,thoughthesoundsofspeechhavechangedconsiderably,therehavebeennocorrespondingchangesofspelling.
③Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.BeforetheprintingpresswasbroughttoEngland,everythingwaswrittenbyhand.Thosescribes,whomadealivingbywritingforotherpeople,oftenworkedinhastetomeettheneedsoftheKing,Church,andmerchants.Oneproblemwasthatseveralletterswrittenwithshortverticalstrokes(短竖笔),suchasi.u.v.m.wandnlookedallalike.Consequently,theirhandwritingcausedmisunderstanding.
Tosolvetheproblem,theychangedletterutoowhenitcamebeforem.n,orv.Thisishowsum,cum,wuman,wander,munkcametobewrittenassome,come,woman,wonder,monk.Atsomepoint,too,thescribesseemtohavedecidedthatnoEnglishwordshouldendinuorv.Thus,anewasaddedtosuchwordsaslive,have,dueandtruebutnotpronounced.
④Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.WhenEnglishborrowedwordsfromotherlanguages,itborrowedspellingaswell.Theearlyborrowingswereassimilatedandthelaterones,however,donotconformtotherulesofEnglishpronunciationandspelling,e.g.stimulus(L),denouement(F),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap).
ThewrittenformofEnglishis,therefore,animperfectrepresentationofthespokenform.Inspiteofthedifferences,atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns.
由此可见,英语书面形式并不完全代表口语形式。
两者虽有差异,但80%以上的拼写在书面语和口语中还是统一的。
4.Vocabulary
Broadlyspeaking,vocabularycanbedefinedas:
①‘‘acompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage”.
②Vocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage.Itismoreorlesssynonymouswith‘lexis’and‘lexicon’,withthefirstmorecolloquial,thethirdmorelearnedandtechnical,andthesecondsituatedhalf-waybetweentheothertwo.Theterm‘vocabulary’isusedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod,e.g.OldEnglishvocabulary,MiddleEnglishvocabularyandModernEnglishvocabulary.
5.Classificationofwords
TheEnglishvocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.
(1)BasicWordStockandNonbasicVocabulary
Basicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.
※Thesewordshaveobviouscharacteristics:
①Allnationalcharacter.Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.Theyincludewordsrelatingtothefollowingrespects:
a.Naturalphenomena:
rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon;
b.Humanbodyandrelations:
head,foot,hand,father,mother,sister,daughter,son;
c.Namesofplantsandanimals:
oak,pine,horse,cow,cat;
d.Action,size,domain,state:
come,go,eat,good,evil,old,young,hot,cold.;
e.Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:
one,ten,hundred,I,you,your,in,out,under,and,but,till,as.
※ThesewordscannotbeavoidedbyanyspeakerofEnglish,irrespectiveofclass,origin,education,profession,geographicalregions,culture,etc.
②Stability.Wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies,e.g.man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moon.Astheydenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.Stability,however,isonlyrelative.Actually,thebasicwordstockhasbeenundergoingsomechanges.Wordslikearrow,bow,chariot,knight,whichwerecommoninthepast,havenowmovedoutofthewordstockwhereassuchwordsaselectricity,machine,car,plane,computer,television,whichdenotenewthingsandmodernwayoflife,haveenteredthestock.Butthischangeisslow.Therearemanymorewordsjoininginthandroppingout.
③Productivity.Wordsofthebasicstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.Theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes,e.g.foot:
football,footpath,footer,footed,footloose,footing,footman,etc.Inthesameway,dog:
doglike,doghood,dog-cheap,dog-fall,dogfight,dog-paddle,dogsleep,tonamejustafew.
④Polysemy.Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundergonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.
Theverb‘cut’在《牛津英语词典》(TheOxfordEnglishDictionary)中将近150个义项,《新英汉词典》把它产归纳为32个义项。
多义词的各个词义尽管纷繁复杂,但还是构成一定的关系,主要有:
原始意义与引申意义,普遍意义与特殊意义,抽象意义与具体意义,字面意义与比喻意义。
⑤Collocability.Manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.Instancesarenumerous.Takeheartforexample:
achangeofheart;afterone’sheart;aheartofgold;breakone’sheart;cryone’sheartout;eatone’sheartout;andtakesth.toheart;heartandsoulsoon.
Ofcourse,notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethesecharacteristics.Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynation-wideuseandstability,butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocability.Therefore‘allnationalcharacter’isthemostimportantofallfeatures.
NonbasicVocabulary
Words,voidofthestatedcharacteristics,donotbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage.Theyincludedthefollowing:
①Terminology.Consistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:
photoscanning,penicillin;inmathematics:
algebra,calculus;inmusic:
symphony,sonata(奏鸣曲);ineduc
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