专业英语论文Word文档格式.docx
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专业英语论文Word文档格式.docx
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Keywords:
publichealth;
“HealthforAll”strategy;
primaryhealthcare;
InternationalConferenceforNutrition;
riskanalysis;
foodtrade.
INTRODUCTION
Theaccumulatedadvancesinfoodsafetycanbeseeninthecontextofoursuccessinthecontrolandpreventionofcommunicable(传染性)diseases.Overthepasthundredyears,betterscientificunder-tandingoffoodsafetyhazards(危害)andtheircontrol,includingtheapplicationoffoodtechnology-e.g.asturisationhascontributedtoaneversaferfoodsupply,atleastinindustrializedcountries.Severalfood-bornediseasessuchascholera(霍乱),typhoid(伤寒)andpara-yphoidfevers,havebeenvirtuallyeliminated(消除)intheevelopedworld.However,thenumberofreportedcasesoffood-bornediseasesstartedtoincreasebeginningaboutthreedecadesago.Insomedevelopedcountries,sharpincreasesinsalmonellosisandcampy-obacterosishavebeenreported.
THEMEANINGOFPUBLICHEALTHAND“HEALTHFORALL”STRATEGY
Beforeansweringtheabovequestions,itmaybeusefultogobacktotheoriginalmeaningofpublichealthandtrytopositionfoodsafetyasasub-domain(子)ofpublichealth.Inordertodefinepublichealth,weneedtobeginbyexaminingwhatwemeanby‘public’.The‘public’isusuallythoughtofasapopulationorsub-groupofpeoplewhoshareacertainprofile(侧面),oftenidentifiedbyageographicandtemporallocation.Agiven‘public’mayhave,moreorless,acommonlifestyle,acertainsetofdailydemands,livingcondi-tions,and/orexposures(暴露)tohealth/socialhazards.Evenacommondegreeofaccesstohealthandsocialservicesmaydefineagiven‘public’.Throughouthistory,therehavebeensuchepochsandsuchplaces,whereaclearlyidentifiedpublicexisted.Itwasthecaseforcoalminersand,tosomeextent,theirfamilies,wholivedinGreatBritainduringthenineteenthcentury,forinstance.Theycanbeconsideredasa‘public’,inthesensethattheyallconfrontedcommonsocio-economicandhealthprob-lems.
Thefactthattheformationofslums(贫民窟)fortheworkingclassesinindustrialcitiesduringtheIndustrialRevolutionoverlapped(重叠)thegenesis(创世纪)ofpublichealthisnotamerecoincidence.Itisobviousthattheevolutionofepidemiologyasamodernsciencehasledtothepoliciesandinterventionswhichwenowcall‘publichealth’.Today,notonlyinindustrializedcountriesbutalsoindevelopingcountries,itisbecomingmoreandmoredifficulttocharacterizeatraditionalsocialclassasa‘public’.Oftenwhensucha‘public’isidentified,itismoreheterogeneousandtransient,asseeninrefugeepopulations.Accordingly,onecanhardlyforeseeitsformation,norcaninterventionsbedevelopedandimplemented(实施)induecourse.
Paradoxically(矛盾的是),atthesametimeastraditionalpublicsarefragmented(支离破碎),globalizationiscontributingtothehomogenization(均)ofotheraspectsoftheworld’spopula-tion.Thetravelandmigration(迁移)ofhumanbeingsandthetransportofmerchandise(货物)aswellasthetransmissionofinformationhaveintroducedcommonelementsintowidelydivergent(发散)culturesandsocieties.Wearenotsurprisedtonote,forinstance,certainbrandsof‘fastfood’arescattered(分散)allovertheworld.Asseensofar,theconceptofthepublicinaconventionalsenseisgivingwaytonewlyemergingstraightforwardmannerandwhosharefewercommonfeaturesthandidtheold.
Aswiththeword‘public’,theterm‘health’hasalsochangeditsmeaning.Asiswellknown,healthsciencehas,byandlarge(总的来说),twomajorbranches.Theonefocusesonpromotionofhealthandpreventionofdiseases;
theotheriscentredontreatmentofdiseasesandrehabilitation(康复)ofdisorders(紊乱).Thoughhealthscienceputitsearlyemphasisonthecurative(治疗)side,itrapidlyenlargeditsfieldtothepreventiveside,andparticularly,tothepromotionofhealth.Theepidemics(流行病)ofemergingdis-eases,suchasHIV/AIDS,forwhichwepossessnoeffectivemeansoftreatmentsofar,requirepreventiveapproaches.Theincreasingburdenofhealthcarecostinmanycountrieshasleadustoturntowardsmorecost-effectivepreventiveapproaches.
Thetargetofpreventivehealthcareisusuallythepublic,sinceitsmethodology(目标)isbasedonthevalidity(有效的)acrossindividuals.Itisthecurativemeasuresthatdealwithsickindividuals.Inotherwords,anypublichealthoriented(导向)approachshouldhaveinitsscopethepublicasobjecteithersufferingfromthesamepathologyorsubjecttothesamehealthriskinherent(固有)intheirlifestyles,livingconditions,orothercommonfactors.
Whenwelookatthecurrentworldsituation,themoststriking(显著的)factisthatthedisparity(差距)inhealthstatusbetweenleastdevelopedcountriesanddevelopedcountrieshasactuallywidenedoverthepastdecade.Forinstance,infantmortalitynowrangesfrom5-160.ItisinthiscontextthattheDirector-General(总干事)ofWHOstatedinMay1995thataccesstohealthforall,includingthepoorestandmostvulnerablecountriesandpopulationgroups,remainstheguidingpurposeofWHO’sprogrammesanditscooperationwithcountries.Ifthesegapsaretobebridgedthroughourconcertedefforts,equityandsolidarityarekeyconceptsinrealizingthegoalof‘HealthforAll’acrossmanypopulationsfacingdifferentkindsofsocialandeconomicproblems.
Foodsafety,whichisoneofthepreventiveapproachestohealth,cannotbefreefromthetrendsaboveregardingthechangingnatureofthepublicandtheevergrowinghealthgaps(人群)betweenpopulationgroups.Inordertopreventnotonlyarangeoffood-borne(食源)diseasesbutalsothemalnutrition(营养不良)causedbyinfectiousdiarrhoea(腹泻),awiderangeofbiomedicalanalysesandsocio-economicevaluationsofthetargetpopulationwillbenecessarywhendevelopingafoodsafetyprogramme.
Inaddressing(解决)thismajorissueofpublichealth,WHOidentified‘promotingandprotectinghealth’asoneoffourinterrelated(相关)policyorientationsinitsNinthGeneralProgrammeofWorkcoveringtheperiod19962001.TheProgrammeaimsatmobilizingallresourcesrelatedtohealthpromotionandprotection,includingemployment,education,housing,townplanning,pricecontrol,agriculturalpolicy,financingandeconomicpoliciesandlawsandregulations,sothatnutritionalstatus(地位)forallpopulationgroupsbeimprovedcontinuously,thattheyhaveuniversalaccesstosafeandhealthyenvironmentsandlivingconditionsandthatallpeopleadoptandmaintain(维持)healthylifestylesandbehaviour.
MODULARITYOFPUBLICHEALTHANDITSPOSITIONINGOVERNMENTSYSTEMS
Publichealth,asacomprehensive(综合的)setofsciencesandmeasuresaimingattheprotectionandpromotionofthehealthofthepublic,isimplemented(实施)inrealsocietythroughtwomajorstructures.Thefirstoneistheso-calledfunctionalinfrastructure(基础建设),iebasicmechanisms(机制)whichassesstheneedsofthepopulationandputthenecessarymeasuresinplace.Theyincludenormsettingandmanagementbodies,nationalandlocalhealthoffices,dispensaries,hospitalsandotherfacilities,manpowerdevelopmentcourses,informationsystems,massmediaandresearchinstitutes(机构)andlaboratories,tonamebutafew.
Thesecondcomponentcanbeseenasakindofsoftwarewhichisdesignedtorunonthehardwarementionedabove.Eachpieceofsoftwarecorrespondsoaspecificprogrammeofpublichealth,suchasmaternal(公共项目)andchildhealth,non-communicable(非传染性)diseasecontrol,andfoodsafety.
Itshouldbeborneinmindthatthedevelopmentofheformercomponentconstitutesoneofthenecessaryconditionsfortheimplementation(实施)ofthelatter,and,hatconsiderableinteractions(互动)takehehardwareandthesoftwaredifferentsoftwareprogrammesatservicedeliverysystem.
Asimpleexamplesuffices.Ifanimportantpartoftheinfrastructure,eganinformationsystem,islacking,thisthenhandicaps(障碍)thewholesystemofprimaryhealthcare.Conversely,onceaspecificpartoftheinfrastructureisputinplace,itcancontributetoeverypublichealthprogramme.Thismayevenstimulatecompetitionbetweendifferentprogrammesfortheprivileged(特权)useofsuchresources.
However.theinteractionsarenotnecessarilynegativeones.Positiveinteractionsarealsoexpectedandshouldbeencouragedbypublichealthmanagers.Forexample,familyeducationforthesafepreparationofweaningfoodisallthemoreefficientandeffectivewhenimplemented(实施)bythesamepublichealthnursewhovisitsthefamiliesandcheckstheinfants’growthanddevelopment.Theessentialpointisthateachprogrammeshouldmaximallybenefitfromtheinteractionwithotheractionsofpublichealth.Furthermore,differentinfrastructureareasandprogrammeelementsmustbecoordinatedatthefamily,community,districtandhigherlevels.Thecooperation
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