高中课文 高中英语必修5Word文档下载推荐.docx
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高中课文 高中英语必修5Word文档下载推荐.docx
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JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”
JohnSnowwasawell-knowndoctorinLondon-sofamous,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriatoeasethebirthofherbabies.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthemostdeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscause,noritscurewasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtousehisknowledgetohelpsolvethisproblem.Heknewitwouldheverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.
Hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaininghowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheairwithoutreason.Acloudofdangerousgaswouldfloatarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseaseattackedthebodyquicklyandsoontheaffectedpersonwasdead.
Hebelievedinthesecondtheorybutneededtoprovehewascorrect.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,JohnSnowwasreadytotestthesetwotheories.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughthepoorneighbourhoods,JohnSnowbegantogathertheinformation.Hefoundthatintwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplehaddiedin10days.Hedeterminedtofindoutwhy.Hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Hereitis:
Themapgaveavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40BroadStreet).JohnSnowalsosawthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hediscoveredthatthesefamiliesworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.TheyweregivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump.Itseemedthewaterwastoblame.
Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.Hefoundthatitcamefromtheriver,whichhadbeenpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.ImmediatelyJohnSnowtoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthewaterpumpsoitcouldnotbeused.Soonthediseasebegantoslowdown.
JohnSnowhadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.Inaddition,hefoundtwootherdeathsinanotherpartofLondonthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewatersomuchthatshehadhaditdeliveredfromthepumptoherhouseeveryday,Bothsheandherdaughter,whooftenvisitedher,diedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.Withthisextraevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.
Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersuppliesbeexaminedandnewmethodsofdealingwithpollutedwaterbefound.Thewatercompanieswerealsoinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore,Finally“KingCholera”wasdefeated.
Readingandwriting
COPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONARYTHEORY
NicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.AIthoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:
thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.
Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.
Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.
In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentroundthesunandthisexplainedchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hisfriendswereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbyChristianChurch,soheonlypublisheditashelaydyingin1543.
Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheory,sayingitwasagainstGod’sideaandpeoplewhosupportedifwouldbeattacked.YetCopernicu’stheoryisnowthebaseonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravity,whichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGoodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.NowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheoryandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.
Unit2TheUnitedKingdom
PUZZLESINGEOGRAPHY
Thereisnoneedtodebateanymorewhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethefourcountries:
England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucaneasilyclarifyandproblemsifyoustudyBritishhistory.
FirsttherewasEngland.WaleswaslinkedtoEnglandinthe13thcenturyAD.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.
GreatBritainwasthenamegivenwhenEnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoScotland.Ithappenedin1603whenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell,Totheirsurprise,thethreecountriesfoundthemselvesunitedpeacefullyinsteadofbywar.However,justastheyweregoingtogetIrelandconnectedtoformtheUnitedKingdom,thesouthernpartofthatcountrybrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEngland,WalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.
Althoughthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareas(forexample,ininternationalrelations)theyarestillverydifferent.Forexample,NorthernIreland,EnglandandScotlandhavedevelopeddifferenteducationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup!
Englandisthelargestofthefourcountriesandforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreeones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngland,themiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlands,andtheonenearesttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.YoufindmostofthepopulationsettledintheSouth,butmostofthelargeindustrialcitiesintheMidlandsandNorthofEnglan.AithoughmanyofthecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChina,theyhavefamousfootballteamsandsomeevenhavetwo.However,theseindustrialcitiesbuiltinthe19thcenturydonothavethehistoricalattractionsofotherplaces.ForthoseyouhavetogotoolderbutsmallertownsfirstbuiltbytheRomans.ThereyouwillfindoutmoreaboutBritishhistoryandculture.
ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.IthastheoldestportbuiltbytheRomansinthelstcenturyAD,theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe1060sandtheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNormanrulersin1066.ButLondonhasbeeninfluencedonlybysomeinvadersofEngland.Thefirstinvaders,theRomans,lefttheirtownsandroads.Thesecond,theAnglo-Saxons,lefttheirlanguageandtheirgovernment.Thethid,theVikings,influencedthevocabularyandplace-namesoftheNorth,andthefourh,theNormans,leftcastlesandwordsforfood.IfyoulookaroundtheBritishcountryside,youwillfindevidenceofalltheseinvaders.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomworthwhile!
Unit2TheUnitedKingdom
SIGHTSEEINGINLONDON
Worriedaboutthetimeavailable,ZhangPingyuhadmadealistofthesitesshewantedtoseeinLondon.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower,ItwasbuiltlongagobytheNormaninvadersofAD1066.Fancy!
Thissolidstone,squaretowerhadremainedstandingforonethousandyears.Althoughthebuildingshadexpandedaroundit,itremainedpartofaroyalpalaceandprisoncombined.Tohergreatsurprise.ZhangPingyufoundtheQueen’sjewelsguardedrbyspecialroyalsoldierswho,onspecialoccasions,stillworethefourhundred-year-olduniformofthetimeofQueenElizabethI.
TherefollowedStPaul’sCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefireofLondonin1666.Itlookedsplendidwhenfirstbuilt!
WestminsterAbbey,too,wasveryinteresting.Itcontainedstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriters,suchasShakespeare.Thenjustasshecameoutoftheabbey,Pingyuheardthefamoussoundoftheclock,BigBen,ringingoutthehour.ShefinishedthedaybylookingattheoutsideofBuckinghampalace,theQueen’shouseinLondon.Oh,shehadsomuchtotellherfriends!
TheseconddaythegirlvisitedGreenwichandsawitsoldshipsandfamousclockthatsetstheworldtime.Whatinterestedhermostwasthelongitudeline.Itisanimaginarylinedividingtheeasternandwesternhavlesoftheworldandisveryusefulfornavigation.ItpassesthroughGreenwich,soPingyuhadaphototakenstandingoneithersideoftheline.
ThelastdayshevisitedKarlMarx’sstatueinHighgateCemetery.Itseemedstrangethatthemanwhohaddevelopedcommunisms
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