不定式THE INFINITIVEWord文档下载推荐.docx
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不定式THE INFINITIVEWord文档下载推荐.docx
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sstupid
tobelieve
everythingyouhear
without'
∙I
wouldrather
visit
Rome.
live
inItaly.
∙Wouldyourather
eat
steakorfish?
work
inabank.
∙I'
drather
be
aforestthanatree.
THEZEROINFINITIVE
Thezeroinfinitiveisused:
1.aftermostauxiliaries
(e.g.
must,
can,
should,
may,
might)
2.afterverbsofperception,(e.g.
see,
hear,
feel)
withthepattern
verb+object+zeroinfinitive
3.aftertheverbs
'
make'
and
let'
withthepattern
make/let+object+zeroinfinitive
4.aftertheexpression
hadbetter'
5.aftertheexpression
wouldrather'
whenreferringtothespeaker'
s
own
actions
Examples:
Afterauxiliaries:
can'
t
speak
toyou.
should
give
hersomemoney.
∙Shall
I
talk
tohim?
∙Would
you
like
acupofcoffee?
might
stay
anothernightinthehotel.
∙They
must
leave
before10.00a.m.
Afterverbsofperception:
saw
her
fall
fromthecliff.
∙We
heard
them
close
thedoor.
us
walk
towardthelake.
felt
thespider
crawl
upherleg.
Aftertheverbs'
and'
:
∙Herparents
let
outlate.
∙Let'
go
tothecinematonight.
made
me
love
you.
∙Don'
make
study
thatboringgrammarbook!
NOTICE
thatthe
isusedwhen
isinthepassivevoice:
ammadetosweep
theflooreveryday.
wasmadetoeat
fisheventhoughshehatedit.
After'
hadbetter
take
somewarmclothing.
ask
himnottocome.
∙You'
dbetter
not
smile
atacrocodile!
reserve
aroominthehotel.
meyouraddress.
harder
ontheirgrammar!
After
Note:
thisis
ONLY
sownactions-see
insectionon
Unrealpast.
NEGATIVEINFINITIVE
Toformthenegativeinfinitive,place
beforethe
to-
or
zeroinfinitive:
e.g.
nottoworry:
It'
shard
nottoworry
aboutexams.
∙Idecided
nottogo
toLondon.
∙Heaskedme
nottobe
late.
∙Elephantsought
nottomarry
mice.
notsmile
atthecrocodile.
noteat
meat.
INFINITIVEAFTERQUESTIONWORDS
Theseverbs:
ask,
decide,
explain,
forget,
know,
show,
tell,
understand,
canbefollowedbyaquestionwordsuchas
where,
how,
what,
who,
when
whether'
+the'
.
∙Sheaskedme
how
tousethewashingmachine.
∙Doyouunderstand
what
todo?
∙Tellme
topressthebutton.
veforgotten
where
toputthislittlescrew.
∙Ican'
tdecide
whether
towearthereddressortheblackone.
Thequestionword
Why
isfollowedbythe
zeroinfinitive
insuggestions:
∙Whywait
untiltomorrow?
∙Whynotask
himnow?
∙Whywalk
whenwecangointhecar?
∙Whynotbuy
anewbedforyourbedroom?
∙Whyleave
beforetheendofthegame?
∙Whynotspend
aweekinBeirutandaweekinBaghdad?
FUNCTION
Themostcommonusesoftheinfinitiveare:
Toindicatethepurposeorintentionofanaction(wherethe
hasthesamemeaningas
inorderto'
soasto'
):
∙She'
sgonetocollectherpaycheque.
∙Thethreebearswentintotheforesttofindfirewood.
Asthesubjectofthesentence:
∙Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.
∙Toknowheristoloveher.
(Note:
thisismorecommoninwrittenEnglishthanspoken)
Withnounsorpronouns,toindicatewhatsomethingcanbeusedfor,orwhatistobedonewithit:
∙Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?
∙Ihaven'
tanythingtowear.
∙Thechildrenneedagardentoplayin.
Afteradjectivesinthesepatterns:
∙Itis+adjective+to-infinitive
Itisgoodtotalk
∙Itis+adjective+infinitive+forsomeone+to-infinitive.
Itishardforelephantstoseemice
∙Itis+adjective+infintive+ofsomeone+to-infinitive.
Itisunkindofhertosaythat.
Afteranadjective+nounwhenacommentorjudgementisbeingmade:
∙Itwasastupidplacetoparkthecar.
∙Thisistherightthingtodo.
∙Itwasanastonishingwaytobehave.
Withtooandenoughinthesepatterns:
toomuch/many(+noun)+to-infinitive
∙There'
stoomuchsugartoputinthisbowl.
∙Ihadtoomanybookstocarry.
too+adjective+to-infinitive
∙Thissoupistoohottoeat.
∙Shewastootiredtowork.
too+adverb+to-infinitive
∙Hearrivedtoolatetoseetheactors.
enough(+noun)+to-infinitive
vehadenough(food)toeat.
adjective+enough+to-infinitive
soldenoughtomakeupherownmind.
notenough(+noun)+to-infinitive
∙Thereisn'
tenoughsnowtoskion.
not+adjective+enough+to-infinitive
renotoldenoughtohavegrand-children!
OTHERFORMS
Theinfinitivecanhavethefollowingforms:
∙Theperfectinfinitive
∙Thecontinuousinfinitive
∙Theperfectcontinuousinfinitive
∙Thepassiveinfinitive
NOTE:
aswiththepresentinfinitive,therearesituationswherethe
to
isomitted,e.g.aftermostmodalauxiliaries.
Theperfectinfinitive:
tohave+pastparticiple,e.g.tohavebroken,tohaveseen,tohavesaved.
ThisformismostcommonlyfoundinType3conditionalsentences,usingtheconditionalperfect,e.g.IfIhadknownyouwerecomingIwouldhavebakedacake.
∙Someonemusthavebrokenthewindowandclimbedin.
∙IwouldliketohaveseentheTajMahalwhenIwasinIndia.
∙Hepretendedtohaveseenthefilm.
∙IfI'
dseentheballIwouldhavecaughtit.
Thecontinuousinfinitive:
tobe+presentparticiple,e.g.tobeswimming,tobejoking,tobewaiting
dreallyliketobeswimminginanicecoolpoolrightnow.
∙Youmustbejoking!
∙Ihappenedtobewaitingforthebuswhentheaccidenthappened.
Theperfectcontinuousinfinitive:
tohavebeen+presentparticiple
∙tohavebeencrying
∙tohavebeenwaiting
∙tohavebeenpainting
∙Thewomanseemedtohavebeencrying.
∙Youmusthavebeenwaitingforhours!
∙Hepretendedtohavebeenpaintingallday.
Thepassiveinfinitive:
tobe+pastparticiple,e.g.tobegiven,tobeshut,tobeopened
∙Iamexpectingtobegivenapay-risenextmonth.
∙Thesedoorsshouldbeshut.
∙Thiswindowoughttobeopened.
VERBSNORMALLYFOLLOWEDBYTHEINFINITIVE
A.
The
to-infinitive
isusedaftertheverbsinthisgroup,
without
aprecedingnoun.Theverbsmarked
*
canalsobefollowedbya
that-clause'
Example:
VERB
TO-INFINITIVE
Ihope...
toseeyounextweek.
THAT-CLAUSE
thatI'
llseeyounextweek
Listofverbsnormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive
afford
agree1
aim
appear1
arrange1
bother
care
claim1
condescend
consent
decide1
demand1
determine1
endeavour
fail
guarantee1
happen
1
hasten
have(=beobliged)
hesitate
hope1
learn
long
manage
offer
prepare
pretend1
proceed
promise1
propose
prove(=turnout)
refuseresolve1
seek
seem1
strive
swear1
tend
threaten1
trouble
undertake
volunteer
vow1
1
Theseverbscanonlybefollowedbya
whentheyhavethesubject
it'
.
Example
∙Itappearedthatno-onehadlockedthedoor.
∙Heclaimedtobeanexpert.
∙Imanagedtoreachthetopofthehill.
∙Iknowyou'
reonlypretendingtoloveme!
tpretendthatyouknowtheanswer.
∙Shefailedtoexplaintheproblemclearly.
∙Thecustomsmandemandedtosearchourluggage.
taffordtogoouttonight.
B.
Thesearethemostcommonoftheverbsthatarenormallyfollowedbyanoun+infinitive.Theverbsmarked
mayalsobefollowedbya
NOUN
INFINITIVE
Hereminded
me
tobuysomeeggs.
THAT-CLAUSE
thatIhadtobuysomeeggs.
accustom
aid
appoint
assist
cause
challenge
command*
defy
direct*
drive
empower
enable
encourage
entice
entitle
entreat
force
get
implore*
incite
induce
inspire
instruct*
invite
lead
leave(makesomeoneresponsible)
oblige
order*
persuade*
press
prompt
provoke
remind*
require*
stimulate
summon
teach
tell
tempt
trust*
warn*
Notes:
*command,direct,entreat,implore,order,require,trust:
thereisnonounbetweentheseverbsanda
∙Thegeneralcommandedhismentosurrender.
∙Thegeneralcommandedthathismenshouldsurrender.
persuadeandremind:
thereisalwaysanounbetweentheseverbsanda
∙Youcan'
tpersuadepeopletobuysmallcars.
tpersuadepeoplethatsmallcarsarebetter.
instruct,teach,warn:
thenounisoptionalbetweentheseverbsanda
∙Shetaughtherstudentstoappreciatepoetry.
∙Shetaughtherstudentsthatpoetrywasvaluable.
∙Shetaughtthatpoetrywasvaluable.
∙Theprofessorchallengedhisstudentstoarguewithhistheory.
∙Thislawempowersthegovernmenttochargemoretaxes.
tforcemetodosomethingIdon'
tagreewith.
∙YouareobligedtodriveontheleftinEngland.
∙Iinvitedthenewstudenttohavedinnerwithme.
∙Whati
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