英语口语冰岛火山爆发 自动保存的Word文档格式.docx
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英语口语冰岛火山爆发 自动保存的Word文档格式.docx
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MeltingicecausedbyavolcaniceruptionatEyjafjallaGlacierinsouthernIcelandApril14,2010.(REUTERS/IcelandicCoastGuard/ArniSaeberg)#
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PhototakenonApril14,2010theMarkarfljotglacialriver,westoftheEyjafjallaglacier.Iceland'
ssecondvolcanoeruptioninlessthanamonthmeltedpartofaglacierandcausedheavyfloodingonApril14,forcingupto800peopletoevacuateandgroundingsomeflightsoverNorway.(HALLDORKOLBEINS/AFP/GettyImages)#
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FloodingcausedbyavolcaniceruptionatEyjafjallaGlacierinsouthernIcelandApril14,2010.(REUTERS/IcelandicCoastGuard/ArniSaeberg)#
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AmantakesapictureofaroadthathasbeenwashedawaybyfloodwaterfollowingthemeltingoftheEyjafjallaglacierduetotheeruptionofavolcanoonApril14,2010nearReykjavik.(HALLDORKOLBEINS/AFP/GettyImages)#
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InthisWednesdayApril14,2010photograph,smokeandsteamareseenrisingfromthevolcanoundertheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland,whicheruptedforthesecondtimeinlessthanamonth,meltingice,shootingsmokeandsteamintotheairandforcinghundredsofpeopletofleerisingfloodwaters.(APPhoto/IcelandicCoastguard)#
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Anatural-colorsatelliteimageshowslavafountains,lavaflows,avolcanicplume,andsteamfromvaporizedsnow.TheimagewasacquiredonMarch24,2010,bytheAdvancedLandImager(ALI)aboardNASA'
sEarthObserving-1(EO-1)satellite.Thelavafountainsareorange-red,barelyvisibleatthe10-meter(33-foot)resolutionofthesatellite.Thescoriaconessurroundingthefissureareblack,asisthelavaflowextendingtothenortheast.Whitevolcanicgasesescapefromtheventanderuptinglava,whileasteamplumeriseswherethehotlavameetssnow.(Thebrightgreencoloralongtheedgeofthelavaflowisanartifactofthesensor.)(NASA'
sEarthObservatory/RobertSimmon)#
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ThispicturetakenonMarch27,2010showslavaspurtingoutofthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajö
kullvolcanosome125kmeastofReykjavik.Withlavastillgushing,asmallIcelandicvolcanothatinitiallysenthundredsfleeingfromtheirhomesisturningintoaboonfortheislandnation'
stourismindustry,asvisitorsflocktocatchaglimpseoftheeruption.
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TouristsgathertowatchlavaspurtoutofthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajö
kullvolcanoonMarch27,2010.Upto800peoplewereevacuatedinIcelandearlyonApril14,2010duetoavolcanoeruptionundertheEyjafjallajokullglacierinthesouthoftheisland,policeandgeophysicistssaid.
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PeoplegathertowatchlavaflowatthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajö
kullvolcanoneartheEyjafjallaglacieronMarch27,2010.#
12
HeatshimmersabovelavaflowingfromtheEyjafjallajö
kullvolcanoinIcelandonMarch28th,2010.Originalhere.(
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LavaspewsoutofamountainonMarch21,2010intheregionoftheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland
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LavaspurtsoutofthesiteofavolcaniceruptionattheEyjafjallajö
kullvolcanoneartheEyjafjallaglacierinIcelandonMarch27,2010
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SmokeandsteamhangoverthevolcanoundertheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland,earlyThursdayApril15,2010.
16
LavaspewsoutofamountainonMarch21,2010inHvolsvö
llurintheregionoftheEyjafjallaglacierinIceland.
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SteamandhotgasesriseabovelavaflowingfromtheEyjafjallajö
kullvolcanoonApril3rd,2010.Originalhere.(UlrichLatzenhofer/CCBY-SA)#
The2010eruptionsofEyjafjallajö
kull(埃亚菲亚德拉火山)[ɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœkʏtl̥]areatimelineofvolcaniceventsatEyjafjö
llinIcelandwhich,althoughrelativelysmallforvolcaniceruptions(爆发),causedenormousdisruptiontoairtravelacrosswesternandnorthernEuropeoveraninitialperiodofsixdaysinApril2010.AdditionallocaliseddisruptioncontinuedintoMay2010.TheeruptionwasdeclaredofficiallyoverinOctober2010,whensnowontheglacierdidnotmelt.
Beginningon14
April2010,theeruptionenteredasecondphaseandcreatedanashcloudthatledtotheclosure(结束)ofmostofEurope'
sIFRairspacefrom15until20
April2010.Consequently,averyhighproportionofflightswithin,to,andfromEuropewerecancelled,creatingthehighestlevelofairtraveldisruptionsincetheSecondWorldWar.
Thesecondphaseoftheeruptionstartedon14
April2010andresultedinanestimated250millioncubicmetresofejectedtephra(喷出的火山灰).Theashplumerosetoaheightofapproximately9
kilometres,whichratestheexplosive(爆炸性的)poweroftheeruptionasa4ontheVolcanicExplosivityIndex.(火山爆炸性指数)。
Background
Eyjafjallajö
kull(pronounced
[ˈɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœkʏtl̥]
isoneoftheIceland'
ssmallericecapslocatedinthefarsouthoftheisland.It'
ssituatedtothenorthofSkó
garandtothewestofthelargericecapMý
rdalsjö
kull.
Theicecapcoversthecalderaofavolcano1,666
metres(5,466
ft)inheightthathaseruptedrelativelyfrequentlysincethelasticeage.Themostrecentmajoreruptionsoccurredin1921,1612(believedtohavelastedonlythreedays)andfrom1821to1823.[6]PreviouseruptionsofEyjafjallajö
kullhavebeenfollowedbyeruptionsatitslargerneighbour,Katla;
.[7]On20
April2010IcelandicPresidentÓ
lafurGrí
mssonsaidthat,"
thetimeforKatlatoeruptiscomingclose...we[Iceland]haveprepared...itishightimeforEuropeangovernmentsandairlineauthoritiesallovertheworldtostartplanningfortheeventualKatlaeruption"
.[8]
ThevolcaniceventsstartinginMarch2010areconsideredtobeasingleeruptiondividedintodifferentphases.Thefirsteruptionphaseejectedolivinebasalticandesitelava[9]severalhundredmetresintotheairinwhatisknownasaneffusiveeruption.Ashejectionfromthisphaseoftheeruptionissmall,risingtonomorethan4
kilometres(2.5
mi)intotheatmosphere.
On14April2010,however,theeruptionenteredanexplosivephaseandejectedfine,glass-richashtoover8
kilometres(5.0
mi)intotheatmosphere.ThesecondphaseisestimatedtobeaVEI4eruption,whichislarge,butnotnearlythemostpowerfuleruptionpossiblebyvolcanicstandards.Bywayofcomparison,theMountSt.Helenseruptionof1980wasratedas5ontheVEI,andthe1991eruptionofMountPinatubowasratedasa6.[citationneeded]
Whatmadethisvolcanicactivitysodisruptivetoairtravelwasthecombinationofthefollowingfourfactors:
[citationneeded]
1.Thevolcano'
slocationisdirectlyunderthejetstream
2.Thedirectionofthejetstreamwasunusuallystableatthetimeoftheeruption'
ssecondphase,maintainingacontinuoussouth-easterlyheading
3.Theseconderuptivephasetookplaceunder200
m(660
ft)ofglacialice.Theresultingmeltwaterflowedbackintotheeruptingvolcanowhichcreatedtwospecificphenomena:
1.Therapidlyvapourisingwatersignificantlyincreasedtheeruption'
sexplosivepower
2.Theeruptinglavacooledveryrapidly,whichcreatedacloudofhighlyabrasive,glass-richash,thiscausedalargeamountofflightstobecancelledintheU.K.
4.Thevolcano'
sexplosivepowerwassufficienttoinjectashdirectlyintotheJetStream.
Withoutthespecificcombinationoftheabovefactors,theeruptionofEyjafjallajö
kullwouldhavebeenamediumsized,somewhatnon-descripteruptionthatwouldhavebeenoflittleinteresttothoseoutsidethescientificcommunityorthoselivingintheimmediatevicinity.[citationneeded]However,theabovefactorswerepreciselythoserequiredforthejetstreamtocarrytheashdirectlyovernorthernEuropeintosomeofthebusiestairspaceintheworld.
Evacuations
About500farmersandtheirfamiliesfromtheareasofFljó
tshlí
ð
Eyjafjö
ll,andLandeyjarwereevacuatedovernight(includingagroupof30schoolchildrenandtheir3teachers[19][20]fromCaistorGrammarSchoolinEngland),andflightstoandfromReykjaví
kandKeflaví
kInternationalAirportwerepostponed,butontheeveningof21
March,domesticandinternationalairtrafficwasallowedagain.[21][22][23]InhabitantsoftheriskzoneofFljó
ll,andLandeyjarareawereallowedtoreturntotheirfarmsandhomesafteraneveningmeetingwiththeCivilProtectionDepartmenton22
Marchandtheevacuationplanwastemporarilydismissed.Instead,thepoliceclosedtheroadtoÞ
ó
r
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