Unit 1 LogisticsWord格式.docx
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Unit 1 LogisticsWord格式.docx
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TheNatureandImportanceofLogistics
Whatislogistics?
Logisticsisdefinedastheprocessofplanning,implementingandcontrollingtheefficientandcost-effectiveflowandstorageofrawmaterials,in-processinventory,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformationfromthepointoforigintothepointofconsumptionforthepurposeofconformingtocustomerrequirements⒈
Moresimply,itisthescience(andart)ofensuringthattherightproductsreachtherightplaceintherightquantityattherighttimetosatisfycustomerdemand⒉TheUKInstituteofLogisticsandTransportdefinesitevenmoresuccinctlyas:
“thetime-relatedpositioningofresource”⒊.Ithasalsobeendefinedas“themanagementofinventoryinmotionandatrest.”⒋Itsmarketingdisciplineencompassesawarehousing,distributionandinformationmanagement.Ithasalsoincludesinternationalsupplychainmanagementandadded-value/pre-retailingservices.
Logisticsistheuniversalthreador“pipeline”thatplansandcoordinatesthedeliveryofproductsandservicestocustomersallovertheworld.Logisticsprofessionalsmanageandcoordinateactivitiesinthisglobalpipelinetoensureaneffectiveandefficientflowofmaterialsandinformationfromthetimeaneedarisesuntilitissatisfiedandbeyond.Someofthemanyactivitiesinvolvedinlogisticsinclude:
customerservice,warehousing,inventorycontrol,transportation,materialshandling,forecasting,purchasingandstrategicplanning⒌Thegoaloftheselogisticsactivitiesistosatisfytheneedsoftheultimateconsumer—you.Simplystated,logisticsmanagersensurethattherightproduct,intherightquantity,intherightcondition,isdeliveredtotherightcustomerattherightplace,attherighttime,attherightcost⒍
AmorecomprehensivedefinitionoflogisticsadoptedbytheCouncilofLogisticsManagement(CLM)includesinbound,outbound,internal,andexternalmovements⒎Logisticsisthatpartofthesupplychainprocessthatplans,implements,andcontrolstheefficient,effectiveflowandstorageofgoods,services,andrelatedinformationfromthepointoforigintothepointofconsumptiontomeetcustomers’requirements.
Logisticsisachallengingandimportantactivitybecauseitservesasanintegratingorboundaryspanningfunction.Itlinkssupplierswithcustomersanditintegratesfunctionalentitiesacrossacompany.Withtheever-growingcompetitionintoday’smarketplaceitbecomesnecessaryforafirmtouseitsresourcestofocusonstrategicopportunities.Thisincludesseveralinternalfactorslikemanagementstyle,culture,humanresources,facilitiesandseveralexternalfactorsliketechnology,globalizationandcompetition.Thisiswheretheconceptoflogisticsplaysamajorrole,i.e.ithelpstoleveragecertainadvantagesthefirmhasinthemarketplace.
Logisticsisinvolvedeverytimeyoupurchaseaproduct,whetherit’sfood,medicine,orclothing.Itdoesn’tmatterhowyoushop—atastore,bymailorder,throughdirectsales,orviatheInternet—youarebeingservedbythelogisticspipeline.Theitemsyoupurchasehavebeentransportedfrommanufacturersnearandfartogettoyou—andlogisticsprofessionalshavemanagedeachofthesejourneys.
Considerthelastshirtthatyoupurchased.ThecottonmayhavebeengrownandprocessedinGeorgia.ThenitwasshippedtoSouthKoreawhereitwasspunintofabric.TheboltsoffabricweresenttoGuatemalaforcuttingandassembly.ThecompletedshirtwasthentransportedtotheU.S.retailerthatsoldittoyou.And,that’snotall!
Thebuttons,thread,packagingandlabelsallwentthroughsimilarinternationallogisticalpathstobecomepartofyourshirtaswell.
Everyproductinyourhomehasinsomewaybeentouchedbythisincrediblefield⒏Pickupasoftdrink,stylinggel,acomputer,oraCDplayerandconsiderthepatheachoftheseitemshastraveledtogettoyou.You’vebeendependingonlogisticsallofyourlifetoprovidethebestthattheworldhastooffer⒐
Howimportantislogistics?
Logisticshasahugeimpactonthedomesticandglobaleconomy.Logisticsfacilitatesmarketexchanges,providesamajorsourceofemployment,andisamajorpurchaserofassetsandmaterials⒑.Intheprocessoftheseactivities,organizationsintheUnitedStatesspendnearly$800billiononlogisticseachyear—upfrom$678billionin1990.ThatisnearlythreetimesthecombinedannualrevenuesofGeneralMotors,IBM,andProctor&
Gamble!
Worldwide,morethan$1.4trillionisspentannuallyonlogisticsandtheamountwillgrowwiththecontinuedexpansionoftheglobalmarketplace.
Logisticsisofcriticalimportancetohumansurvival.Thelogisticssystemprovidesthecontinuousavailabilityoffood,water,medicine,andotherkeymaterialsthatyouneedtosurvive⒒.Aprimeexampleisthefoodyouateatyourlastmeal.It’sverylikelythatthematerialsusedtopreparethatmealcamequiteadistance…perhapsfromtheothersideoftheplanet!
Inorderforthatmealtofulfillyourneeds,youweredependentonlogisticsprofessionalstoprovidesafestorageandtransportationofthoseitems.
Logisticsgreatlyimpactsourqualityoflife.Thelogisticsindustryemployspeopleworldwide,providingacost-effectivemeansofdistributinggoodslocallyandglobally.Themoreaffordablethegoods,thehigherthestandardoflivingforyou⒓Considerthelastpairofathleticshoesthatyoupurchased.TheywereprobablymanufacturedinSoutheastAsia,yettheexactpair(therightsize,color,andstyle)thatyouwantedwasavailableforpurchasethedayyouwalkedintothestore⒔
Logisticsaffectsoursuccessinawidevarietyofendeavors.Logisticsgreatlyimpactsactivitiesotherthantheflowofindustrialandconsumerproducts.Herearejustafewexamples:
RelieforganizationsliketheAmericanRedCrossDisasterServiceandtheInternationalRedCrossprovidelogisticssupportinlife-threateningsituationssuchasfloods,hurricanes,andearthquakes.Theyoperatelikeahugemobilewarehouse,settinguptemporaryfacilitiesandsheltersonamoment’snoticetoefficientlydistributefood,supplies,andequipmenttodisastervictims.
TheU.S.militaryreliesonlogisticstodeterminethefeasibilityofamission—whetheritismilitaryorhumanitarianinnature.Logisticsalsoprovidestheflexibilitytomovepersonnel,equipment,andsupplieswherevertheyareneededintheworld.
Majorproductionslikerockconcertsandsportingeventsalsorequirelogistics.Morethan$25millionwasspentonlogisticsfortheSummerOlympicGamesinAtlanta,Georgia.DuringtheGames,morethan1,200logisticsstaffmemberswereneededtoreceive,setup,resupplyandrecoverassetsat143competitionvenues,trainingfacilitiesandothersites⒕
Whatistheroleoflogisticsintheorganization?
Logisticsiscriticaltothesuccessofeveryorganization.Onceconsideredanimportant,behind-the-scenesoperationalactivity,logisticsisnowrecognizedasastrategictoolforcreatingcustomervalueandloyalty.CompanieslikeWal-Mart,CocaCola,andNikeattributeagreatdealoftheirsuccesstotheirgloballogisticssystems.Theyrealizethatintegratingactivitieswithintheorganizationandacrossthelogisticspipeline,buildingstrongrelationshipswithproductsuppliers,andworkingwithcustomer-focusedlogisticsserviceprovidersareallcriticaltobuildingacompetitiveadvantagethroughlogistics.
Thescopeofopportunitiesforlogisticsprofessionalsisexpanding.Logisticsmanagersareinvolvedinboundaryandorganization-spanningteams,strategicplanning,alliancebuilding,andahostofotheractivitiesthatdirectlyimpactthesuccessoftheirorganizationsworldwide.Becausetheserolesareexpanding,acareerinlogisticsmanagementcanleadinmanydirections—includingtothetopofthecompany!
Whoworksinlogisticsmanagement?
Thedemandforlogisticsmanagersatalllevelsisexcellent.TheCollegiateEmploymentResearchInstitutereportsthatlogisticsisafieldwithmorepositionsthangraduateseachyear.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatseniorlogisticsmanagementtalentisalsoinshortsupply.Aslogisticsmanagers’rolesandvaluehavegrown,theneedforwell-educated,talentedprofessionalswithadiversearrayofskillshasemerged.
Theincreasingimportanceofanalytical,strategic,andtechnologicalactivitiesalsomakeslogisticsanattractivecareertomorepeople.Asaresult,thenumberofminoritiesandwomenenteringthefieldoflogisticsdirectlyfromhighschool,college,andfromotherfieldsisincreasingrapidly.Anotherfactorwhichcontributestothechangingfaceoflogisticsisthevaluethatorganizationsareplacingondiversitytoday⒖.Successfulorganizationsrealizethatdiversitygivesthemanedgeinthehighlycompetitiveglobalmarketplace⒗.Asaresulttheyarerecruitingavarietyofpeoplefromallwalksoflifefortheirlogisticsmanagementpositions.Thisstrategyishighlightedherebytwocompanies:
“Itmakesgoodbusinesssensetohaveaworkforcethatreflectsthemarketplaceatlarge⒘.Werecognizethevaluethatadiversemanagementteambringstoourcompany—theabilitytoreachouttotheentireworld.”“Werecruitfromawidepoolbecauseweneedalltheskillsthatareoutthere.Thebottomlineisthatourorganizationwantspeoplewithexcellentskills,regardlessoftheirethnicbackground,gender,orage.”Accordingtorecentsurveys,womenandminoritiesarediscoveringlogisticsandenrollingindegreeprogramsacrossthenation.Forexample,attheUniversityofNevada-Reno,45percentofgraduatesarefemale,comparedtozerojustsixyearsago.Thenumberofwomenandminoritiesinlogisticsmanagementpositionsandprof
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