土木施工外文翻译Word格式.docx
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土木施工外文翻译Word格式.docx
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学号:
200802801
姓名:
指导教师:
TheneedforwaterconservationthroughouttheUnitedStateshasencouragedirrigationmanufacturerstodevelopbetterideasforirrigatingplantmaterials.Totallysub-surfaceirrigationsystemsarenowavailablewhichprovideanalternativetoconventionalwateringsystems.Thesesystemsarerecommendedforusewhereverpossible.Theyirrigatetheplantrootzonedirectly,
eliminatingwastethroughevaporationandoverspray.Thistypeofsystemrequireslesswaterandpressureforitsoperation,islow-maintenance,vandal-proofandeliminatesthehazardofoversprayontotheroadwaydrivinglanes.Sub-surfaceirrigationisgoodfortreesandshrubsbutitsmethodofwaterdisbursementisnotrecommendedforturfgrassareas.
MedianIrrigation
ThecurrenttrendtowardwaterconservationandXeriscapemayencouragemedianplantingsdesignedwithoutirrigation.Highwaymedianscanbeoneofthemoststressfulenvironmentsfor
plantgrowth.Duringsummermonths,pavementtemperaturessurroundingmediansmayexceed100degreesforsometimeaftersundown.Irrigationoraccesstosupplementalwateringisessentialtoproperplantestablishmentandmaybenecessarytohelpestablishedplantmaterialsurviveperiodsofinfrequentrain.Plantingsinnarrowmediansareparticularlysusceptibletodroughtstressanddamage.Planstousewatertanksortruckstowaterplantingsshouldbecarefullyreviewedtoassurethatsuchplansconsidertheavailabilityofstaffandequipmenttoprovidewateringandtheneedtoprovidetrafficcontrol.Atemporarydriptypeirrigationsystem,whichcanbeusedduringestablishmentandcanbeavailableduringseveredroughtstress,canbealowcostandwatersavingalternativetoconventionalirrigation.Properpreparationreduceswaterneeds.SeeFigure25.
WaterConservationMeasures
Thesourceofwaterisacriticalelementofirrigationdesign.Alloptionsmustbeconsidered;
effluentorrecycledwaterisrecommendedwhereavailable.Deepwellsareanotherwatersource
option.Potablewaterasasourceforirrigationshouldbeusedonlywhennoothersourceis
available.Theuseofpotablewaterisexpensive,depletesthedrinkingwatersupplyandmustbe
usedsparingly.
ThedesignofallirrigationsystemsinstalledwithinFDOTrights-of-waymustincludeamanual
shut-offvalveforusewhensensorsorautomatictimersdonotoperateproperly.Iftheirrigation
systemisautomaticandoperatedbytimers,itmusthavearainsensordeviceorswitchwhichwill
overridethetimedcyclewhenadequaterainfallhasoccurred.
MoistureRequirements.Grasses,treesandshrubsrequirevaryinganddifferentwater
requirements.
•Grasses:
ThegrassesspecifiedforusebyFDOT,suchasPensacolabahia,ArgentinebahiaandBermudagrass,arethosewhichwithstanddryperiodsextremelywellandstillrejuvenatewhennaturalrainscontinue.Thesegrassesshouldneednosupplementalwateringaftertheestablishmentperiod.Whenhighfocalturfareasaredesired,St.Augustinestrainsofturfgrassmaybespecified.Thisgrasswillrequiresupplementalwateringeitherbyawateringtruckoranundergroundirrigationsystemformaximumviability.
•Trees:
Installationoftreesmustbeappropriateforthelocaleinwhichtheyareinstalled,withtheprimaryadaptabilityfactorbeingtheirabilitytosurviveinrelationtothewateravailabilityand/orrestrictionsofthearea.Sometreespeciescanthrivewithlittlewater,whileothersrequireagreatdealofwatertosurvive.Wateringsaucersshouldbeconstructedaroundeachnewortransplantedtreeandpalmtocollectwateranddirectitintothesoilandrootarea.Onemustmatchthetreetothelocationandavailablewater;
rememberingthatalltreesneedsomewatertosurvive.Thetreesrecommendedinthe"
PlantandTurfGrassSelectionGuide"
ofthisSectionhavewaterrequirementslisted.
•Shrubs:
Thereareveryfewshrubsthatwillwithstandtherigorsofanon-irrigatedruralhighway.Thesespeciesaregenerallythosethatarenativetotheareaorhavebeenclimatizedtoactasanativeplant.Theuseofnativeand/oradaptedplantswillmakemostlandscapedesignssuccessfulsimplybecausetheseplantsmightsurvivewhereothersmightperish.Shrubs,liketrees,willvaryintheirwaterrequirements.Itisessentialthatthecorrectshrubbeselectedfortheappropriateavailabilityofwater.Slopesandswalesmustbeidentifiedpriortoshrubselections,inordertodeterminetheexactconditionsinwhichthesematerialswillbeliving.
WateringMethods
Xeriscapeanddrought-tolerantplantmaterialswillsurviveintheharshhighwaylandscapeifgivenagoodstartwhentheyareplanted.Itisimportanttoprovideenoughwatertoadequatelyestablishtheplantmaterial.Supplementalwateringisrecommendedfor90daysfollowinginstallationtohelpplantsestablishthemselves.Thisperiodwillvarydependingonthelocale,timeofyear,rainfallandotherplantingconditions.Ifpossibleplantinstallationsshouldcoincidewiththerainyseason.A75mmcoveringofuncompactedmulchinallplantingbedswillhelptoretainmoistureandcreatebettergrowingconditions.
Section5
Constructionphase
Thefollowingwillbeaccomplishedduringthisphase
Developsystemfortheprotectionofexistingvegetationandcontrolsformitigationofconstructionimpacts.
Establishappropriiatemethodsforrelocatation.
Selectplantmaterialsinstallationandestablishmenttechniques.
Providecriteriafortheproperinstallationofirrigationsystems.
Provisionsforconstructioninspectionandstaffing.
Protectionofexistingvegetation
Protectivemeasuresmustbetakentoinsuretheviabilityofexistigvegetationandothernatural
Conditionsthatareintendedtoberetainedintheproject.Plantmaterialscanbedamagedbyconstructionequipment,backfillingandimpropertemporarydrainage.Damagetoexistingvegetationcanbeminimizedbytheuseofproperprotectivemethodsanddevices.
Priortoanyconstruction,astagingareashouldbeestablished.thisareashouldbelocatedaway
Fromexistingvegetationthatistoremain.Storageofmaterialsandequipmentoremployeeparkingshouldbekeptawayfromexistingtreesandvefetation.
Treeprotectionduringconstruction
Themosteffectivewaytoprotecttreesiswiththeuseoftreebarricades.Barricadesshouldbemadeofsubstantialmaterialsuchas100mmx100mmwoodenpostsconnectedby50mmx100mmwoodenstringers.Barricadesshouldbeabletowithstandinadvertentbumpsbyheavyequipmentandtrucks.Barricadesshouldbemaintainedingoodcondition.Whenbarricadesareallowedtodeteriorate,theyaremorelikelytobeignoredandviolated(seefigure26).Thefollowingitemshouldbereviewedwheninstallingandmaintainingprotectivetreebarricades:
Priortocommencementofanyconstructionwork,protectivedevicesforexistingtreesmustbeinplace.Barricadesaretobeplacedaroundeverytree,ortreegrouping,whichistobeprotected.
Installbarricadesat,oroutside,thelimitsoftheCPZforallprotectedttrees.(seesection4,DESIGHPHASE,'
'
useingthecriticalprotectionZoneasaPlanningTool'
foranexplanationofCPZ.)
Barricadesshouldbescheduleforinstallationpriortoright-of-wayclearing.Clearingwithinbarricadesshouldbecarefullyundertakenwiththeguidanceoftheprojectlandscapeorurbanforester.
Removeunderstoryattheendoftheprojectratherthanatthebeginning.Notclearingunder-protectedtreescanpreserveprotectiveunderstoryvegetation.
Theremaybeinstancewhereinfrequent,minoroperationsmustbeconductedwithintheCPZ,sometimesuseingheavyequipment.Insuchcasesatrunkwrapshoudbeusedtoprotectthetreefromincidentaldamagebyequipment.Thettreiswrappedwithlunberorplywoodsecuredwithmetalstapping.Thewrapshouldextendfromgroundlevelhighenoughonthetrunktoprotectfromdamagebywhateverequipmentisbeingused.Wrapsshouldflareatthebottomtoprotectprotrudingsurfacerootswhenevernecessary.Useawoodchipcushiontoavoidsoilcompaction.
Inspectorsshouldpayattentiontotheconditionofbarricadesandtakebarricadesseriouslyinthecontextoftheoverallproject.Wheninspectorsbegintoingoretheconditionandproperuseofbarricades,theycommonlybecomeauselessexpense.
Installsignsatregularintervalsalongtreebarricades.usesignssuchas:
Othervegetationtobeprotected
Otherexistingvegetationandnaturalconditionsnotedonthelandscapeplantoremainshallbeprotectedbytheuseofsimilarwoodenbarricades,safetyfenceorotheracceptablemeans.
Controlofconstructionimpacts
Highwayconstructionisanunnaturaleventintheenvironment.Assuchithasvarious,andsometimesenormous,impactsonthenaturallandscape.Itistheroleofthelandscapedocumentstominimizetheseimpactswhereverpossiblewithintheprojectlimits.
Existingvegetationpreservationareasshouldbenotedand'
designedaround'
intheplanspreparationphase.ItistheresponsibilityoftheDistrictconstructionengineer(forFDOTconstructionprojects)ortheDistrict
maintenanceengineer(forpermitorgrantprojects)inconjunctionwiththedesighprofessionaltoprovidedirectionduringconstructiontoseethatthedesignintentiscarriedoutcorrectly.
Thefollowingitemsmustbenotedandactiontakentominimizeconstructionimpactsuponthenaturalenvironment:
ExistingDesirableVegetationmustbeprotectedatalltimesduringtheconstructionprocesswithperiodicinspectionofprotectivebarricades,protectivefencingandotherprotectiondevices.Shouldanyofthesedevicesbedamagedduringcontinuingthe
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