TPO62Word文档下载推荐.docx
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TPO62Word文档下载推荐.docx
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sfarmcollectingthefossilsthatweresoabundantintherocksoftheCotswoldhills.WhenhegrewolderWilliamSmithtaughthimselfsurveyingfrombooksheboughtwithhissmallsavingsandattheageofeighteenhewasapprenticedtoasurveyorofthelocalparish.Hethenproceededtoteachhimselfgeologyandwhenhewastwenty-four,hewenttoworkforthecompanythatwasexcavatingtheSomersetCoalCanalinthesouthofEngland.
Thiswasbeforethesteamlocomotive,andcanalbuildingwasatitsheight.Thecompaniesbuildingthecanalstotransportcoalneededsurveyorstohelpthemfindthecoaldepositsworthminingaswellastodeterminethebestcoursesforthecanals.ThisjobgaveSmithanopportunitytostudythefreshrockoutcropscreatedbythenewlydugcanal.HelaterworkedonsimilarjobsacrossthelengthandbreadthofEnglandallthewhilestudyingthenewlyrevealedstrataandcollectingallthefossilshecouldfind.Smithusedmailcoachestotravelasmuchas10000milesperyear.In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap“AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland”,amapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday.
In1831whenSmithwasfinallyrecognizedbytheGeologicalSocietyofLondonasthe“fatherofEnglishgeology”,itwasnotonlyforhismapsbutalsoforsomethingevenmoreimportant.Eversincepeoplehadbeguntocatalogthestratainparticularoutcrops,therehadbeenthehopethatthesecouldsomehowbeusedtocalculategeologicaltime.Butasmoreandmoreaccumulationsofstratawerecatalogedinmoreandmoreplaces,itbecameclearthatthesequencesofrockssometimesdifferedfromregiontoregionandthatnorocktypewasevergoingtobecomeareliabletimemarkerthroughouttheworld.Evenwithouttheproblemofregionaldifferences,rockspresentadifficultyasuniquetimemarkersQuartzisquartz—asiliconionsurroundedbyfouroxygenions—there’snodifferenceatallbetweentwo-million-year-oldPleistocenequartzandCambrianquartzcreatedover500millionyearsago.
AshecollectedfossilsfromstratathroughoutEngland,SmithbegantoseethatthefossilstoldadifferentstoryfromtherocksParticularlyintheyoungerstratatherockswereoftensosimilarthathehadtroubledistinguishingthestrata,butheneverhadtroubletellingthefossilsapart.Whilerockbetweentwoconsistentstratamightinoneplacebeshaleandinanothersandstone,thefossilsinthatshaleorsandstonewerealwaysthesame.Somefossilsenduredthroughsomanymillionsofyearsthattheyappearinmanystrata,butothersoccuronlyinafewstrata,andafewspecieshadtheirbirthsandextinctionswithinoneparticularstratum.FossilsarethusidentifyingmarkersforparticularperiodsinEarth'
shistory.
NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:
certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'
searthintorelativetemporalsequence.Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor-300millionyearslater-intheJurassicstratabutatrilobite—theubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrian—willneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.
Paragraph1:
In1769inalittletowninOxfordshire,England,achildwiththeveryordinarynameofWilliamSmithwasbornintothepoorfamilyofavillageblacksmith.Hereceived
rudimentaryvillageschoolingbutmostlyheroamedhisuncle'
sfarmcollectingthefossilsthatweresoabundantintherocksoftheCotswoldhills.WhenhegrewolderWilliamSmithtaughthimselfsurveyingfrombooksheboughtwithhissmallsavingsandattheageofeighteenhewasapprenticedtoasurveyorofthelocalparish.Hethenproceededtoteachhimselfgeologyandwhenhewastwenty-four,hewenttoworkforthecompanythatwasexcavatingtheSomersetCoalCanalinthesouthofEngland.
1.Theword
rudimentaryinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.thorough
B.strict
C.basic
D.occasional
2.Accordingtoparagraph1whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutWilliamSmithis
NOTtrue?
A.Smithlearnedsurveyingbyreadingandbyapprenticingforalocalsurveyor
B.Smith’sfamilylivedinasmallEnglishtownandpossessedlittlewealth.
C.Smithlearnedaboutfossilsfrombooksheborrowedfromhisuncle.
D.SmitheventuallylefthisvillagetoworkontheexcavationofanEnglishcanal.
Paragraph2:
Thiswasbeforethesteamlocomotive,andcanalbuildingwasatitsheight.Thecompaniesbuildingthecanalstotransportcoalneededsurveyorstohelpthemfindthecoaldepositsworthminingaswellastodeterminethebestcoursesforthecanals.ThisjobgaveSmithanopportunitytostudythefreshrockoutcropscreatedbythenewlydugcanal.HelaterworkedonsimilarjobsacrossthelengthandbreadthofEnglandallthewhilestudyingthenewlyrevealedstrataandcollectingallthefossilshecouldfind.Smithusedmailcoachestotravelasmuchas10000milesperyear.In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap“AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland”,
mapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday.
3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2aboutcanalbuilding?
A.CanalswerebuiltprimarilyinthesouthofEnglandratherthaninotherregions.
B.Canalbuildingdecreasedafterthesteamlocomotivewasinvented.
C.Canalbuildingmadeitdifficulttostudyrockstratawhichoftenbecamedamagedintheprocess.
D.CanalbuildershiredsurveyorslikeSmithtoexamineexposedrockstrata.
4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofthemappublishedbyWilliamSmith?
A.ItindicatesthelocationsofEngland'
smajorcanals
B.Itbecamemostvaluablewhenthesteamlocomotivemaderailtravelpossible
C.ThedataforthemapwerecollectedduringSmith’sworkoncanals
D.Itisnolongerregardedasageologicalmasterpiece
5.Theword
meticulously
inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.carefully
B.quickly
C.frequently
D.obviously
Paragraph3:
In1831whenSmithwasfinallyrecognizedbytheGeologicalSocietyofLondonasthe“fatherofEnglishgeology”,
wasnotonlyforhismapsbutalsoforsomethingevenmoreimportant.Eversincepeoplehadbeguntocatalogthestratainparticularoutcrops,therehadbeenthehopethatthesecouldsomehowbeusedtocalculategeologicaltime.Butasmoreandmoreaccumulationsofstratawerecatalogedinmoreandmoreplaces,itbecameclearthatthesequencesofrockssometimesdifferedfromregiontoregionandthatnorocktypewasevergoingtobecomeareliabletimemarkerthroughouttheworld.Evenwithouttheproblemofregionaldifferences,rockspresentadifficultyasuniquetimemarkers
Quartzisquartz—asiliconionsurroundedbyfouroxygenions—there’snodifferenceatallbetweentwo-million-year-oldPleistocenequartzandCambrianquartzcreatedover500millionyearsago.
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe
highlightedsentenceInthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A..Thediscoveryofregionaldifferencesinthesequencesofrocksledgeologiststobelievethatrocktypescouldsomedaybecomereliabletimemarkers.
B.Carefulanalysisofstratarevealedthatrockscannotestablishgeologicaltimebecausethepatternofrocklayersvariesfromplacetoplace.
C.Smith'
scatalogsofrockstrataindicatedthatthesequencesofrocksaredifferentfromplacetoplaceandfromregiontoregion.
D.Becausepeopledidnotcatalogregionaldifferencesinsequencesofrocks.Itwasbelievedthatrockscouldneverbereliabletimemarkers
7.Whydoestheauthorusethephrase“Quartzisquartz"
?
A.TodescribehowthedifferencesbetweenPleistoceneandCambrianquartzrevealinformationaboutdatingrocks
B.Topointoutthatthechemicalcompositionofquartzmakesitmoredifficulttodatethanotherrocks
C.Toprovideanexampleofhowregionaldifferencesinrocksequencescanmakeaparticularrockdifficulttodate
D.Toexplainthatrocksaredifficulttousefordatingbecausetheirchemicalcompositionsalwaysremainthesameovertime
Paragraph4:
AshecollectedfossilsfromstratathroughoutEngland,SmithbegantoseethatthefossilstoldadifferentstoryfromtherocksParticularlyintheyoungerstratatherockswereoftensosimilarthathehadtroubledistinguishingthestrata,butheneverhadtroubletellingthefossilsapart.Whilerockbetweentwoconsistentstratamightinoneplacebeshaleandinanothersandstone,thefossilsinthatshaleorsandstonewerealwaysthesame.Somefossils
endured
throughsomanymillionsofyearsthattheyappearInmanystrata,butothersoccuronlyinafewstrata,andafewspecieshadtheirbirthsandextinctionswithinoneparticularstratum.FossilsarethusidentifyingmarkersforparticularperiodsinEarth'
8.Accordingtoparagraph4,itwasdifficultforSmithtodistinguishrockstratabecause
A.therocksfromdifferentstratacloselyresembledeachother
B.hewasoftenunabl
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