整理TheSearchfortheAntiagingPill单词分析Word文档下载推荐.docx
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整理TheSearchfortheAntiagingPill单词分析Word文档下载推荐.docx
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多孔的;
由细胞组成的3n.易损性;
弱点4n.介入;
调停;
妨碍5n.消费;
消耗;
肺痨6adv.滋养地7n.长寿,长命;
寿命8n.限制;
约束;
束缚9n.等价物,相等物adj.等价的,相等的;
同意义的10adj.凡人的;
致死的;
终有一死的;
不共戴天的n.人类,凡人11n.[医]养生法;
生活规则;
政体;
支配12v.模仿(活象)13adj.模仿的;
拟态的;
类似的14n.推迟15n.糖尿病;
多尿症16动脉硬化17n.啮齿动物
seemedtoreproducemanyofcaloricrestriction'
sbenefits.Nocompoundthatwouldsafelyachievethesamefeatinpeoplehasbeenfoundyet,butthesearchhasbeeninformative1andhasfannedhopethatcaloric-restriction(CR)mimeticscanindeedbedevelopedeventually.
Thebenefitsofcaloricrestriction
ThehuntforCRmimeticsgrewoutofadesiretobetterunderstandcaloricrestriction'
smanyeffectsonthebody.Scientistsfirstrecognizedthevalueofthepracticemorethan60yearsago,whentheyfoundthatratsfedalow-caloriedietlivedlongeronaveragethanfree-feedingratsandalsohadareducedincidence2ofconditionsthatbecomeincreasinglycommoninoldage.Whatismore,someofthetreatedanimalssurvivedlongerthantheoldest—livinganimalsinthecontrolgroup,whichmeansthatthemaximumlifespan3(theoldestattainable4age),notmerelythenormallifespan,increased.Variousinterventions,suchasinfection-fighting5drugs,canIncreaseapopulation'
saveragesurvivaltime,butonlyapproachesthatslowthebody'
srateofagingwillincreasethemaximumlifespan.
Theratfindingshavebeenreplicated6manytimesandextendedtocreatures7rangingfromyeasttofruitflies,worms,fish,spiders,miceandhamsters8.Untilfairlyrecently,thestudieswerelimitedtoshort-lived9creaturesgenetically10distantfromhumans.Butcaloric.restrictionprojectsunderwayintwospeciesmorecloselyrelatedtohumans-rhesusandsquirrelmonkeys-havemadescientistsoptimisticthatCRmimeticscouldhelppeople.
1adj.教育性的,有益的;
情报的;
见闻广博的2n.发生率;
影响;
[光]入射;
影响范围3n.寿命;
预期生命期限;
预期使用期限4adj.可得到的;
可达到的;
可到达的5避免传染6重复的7n.生物8n.仓鼠9adj.短暂的,短期的;
短命的;
无常的
10adv.从遗传学角度;
从基因方面
Themonkeyprojectsdemonstrate1that,comparedwithcontrolanimalsthateatnormally,caloric-restrictedmonkeyshavelowerbodytemperaturesandlevelsofthepancreatichormoneinsulin2,andtheyretainmoreyouthfullevelsofcertainhormonesthattendtofallwithage.
Thecaloric-restrictedanimalsalsolookbetteronindicatorsofriskforage-relateddiseases.Forexample,theyhavelowerbloodpressureandtriglyceride3levels(signifying4adecreasedlikelihood5ofheartdisease),andtheyhavemorenormalbloodglucose6levels(pointingtoareducedriskfordiabetes,whichismarkedbyunusuallyhighbloodglucoselevels).Further,ithasrecentlybeenshownthatrhesusmonkeyskeptoncaloric—restricteddietsforanextendedtime(nearly15years)havelesschronic7disease.Theyandtheothermonkeysmustbefollowedstilllonger,however,toknowwhetherlow-calorieintake8canincreasebothaverageandmaximumlifespansinmonkeys.Unlikethemultitude9ofelixirs10beingtouted11asthelatestanti-agingcure,CRmimeticswouldalterfundamental12processesthatunderlie13aging.Weaimtodevelopcompoundsthatfoolcellsintoactivatingmaintenance14andrepair.
1vt.证明;
展示;
论证vi.示威2胰腺胰岛素3n.甘油三酸酯4n.代表;
预示v.象徵;
预示5n.可能性,可能
6血糖7adj.慢性的;
长期的;
习惯性的8n.摄取量;
通风口;
引入口;
引入的量9n.群众;
多数10n.不老长寿药;
万能药;
炼金药11v.招来顾客adj.被吹捧的12基本13vt.成为……的基础;
位于……之下14n.维护,维修;
保持;
生活费用
Howaprototypecaloric—restrictionmimeticworks
Thebest-studiedcandidate1foracaloric-restrictionmimetic,2DG(2-deoxy-D-glucose),worksbyinterferingwiththewaycellsprocessglucose.Ithasprovedtoxic2atsomedosesinanimalsandsocannotbeusedinhumans.Butithasdemonstrated3thatchemicalscanreplicate4theeffectsofcaloricrestriction;
thetrickisfindingtherightone.
CellsusetheglucosefromfoodtogenerateATP(adenosinetriphosphate5),themoleculethatpowersmanyactivitiesinthebody.Bylimitingfoodintake,caloricrestrictionminimizestheamountofglucoseenteringcellsanddecreasesATPgeneration.When2DGisadministeredtoanimalsthateatnormally,glucosereachescellsinabundance6butthedrugpreventsmostofitfrombeingprocessedandthusreducesATPsynthesis.Researchershaveproposedseveralexplanations7forwhyinterruption8ofglucoseprocessingandATPproductionmightretardaging.OnepossibilityrelatestotheATP-makingmachinery9’semissionoffreeradicals10,whicharethoughttocontributetoagingandtosuchage-relateddiseasesascancerbydamagingcells.Reducedoperationofthemachineryshouldlimittheirproductionandtherebyconstrainthedamage.Anotherhypothesis11suggeststhatdecreasedprocessingofglucosecouldindicatetocellsthatfoodisscarce(evenifitisn’t)andinduce12themtoshiftintoananti-agingmodethatemphasizespreservation13oftheorganism14oversuch‘luxuries15’asgrowthandreproduction.
1n.候选人,候补者;
应试者2adj.有毒的;
中毒的3vt.证明;
论证vi.示威4n.复制品;
八音阶间隔的反覆音
vt.复制;
折叠adj.复制的;
折叠的5三磷酸腺苷6大量的;
丰富的;
充足的7解释8n.中断;
干扰;
中断之事9n.机械;
机器;
机构;
机械装置10n.自由基;
激进分子;
根基11n.假设12vt.诱导;
引起;
引诱;
感应13n.保存,保留14n.有机体;
生物体;
微生物15n.奢侈品
AntIntelligence
Whenwethinkofintelligentmemberstheanimalkingdom,thecreaturesthatspringimmediatelytomindareapesandmonkeys.Butinfactthesociallivesofsomemembersoftheinsectkingdomaresufficiently1complextosuggestmorethanahint2ofintelligence.Amongthese,theworldoftheanthascomeinforconsiderable3scrutiny4lately,andtheideathatantsdemonstratesparksofcognition6hascertainlynotbeenrejectedbythoseinvolvedintheseinvestigations.
Antsstorefood.repel7attackersandusechemicalsignalstocontactoneanotherincaseofattack.Suchchemicalcommunicationcanbecomparedtothehumanuseofvisualandauditorychannels8(asinreligiouschants9,advertisingimagesandjingles10,politicalslogansandmartial11music)toarouseandpropagate12moodsandattitudes.ThebiologistLewisThomaswrote,Antsaresomuchlikehumanbeingsastobeanembarrassment13.Theyfarmfungi14,raiseaphids15*aslivestock16,launcharmiestowar,usechemicalspraystoalarmandconfuseenemies,captureslaves,engageinchildlabour,exchangeinformationceaselessly17.Theydoeverythingbutwatchtelevision.’
However,inantsthereisnoculturaltransmission-everythingmustbeencodedinthegenes19whereasinhumanstheoppositeistrue.Onlybasicinstinctsarecarriedinthegenesofanewbornbaby,otherskillsbeinglearnedfromothersinthecommunityasthechildgrowsup.Itmayseemthatthisculturalcontinuitygivesusahugeadvantage
1adv.充分地;
足够地2n.暗示;
线索vt.暗示;
示意vi.示意3adj.相当大的;
重要的,值得考虑的4n.详细审查;
监视;
细看;
选票复查6n.认识;
知识;
认识能力7vt.击退;
抵制;
使厌恶;
使不愉快8听觉通道9宗教圣歌10n.叮当声vt.使押韵;
使发出叮当声vi.发出叮当声;
押韵11adj.军事的;
战争的;
尚武的12vt.传播;
传送;
繁殖;
宣传13n.窘迫,难堪;
使人为难的人或事物;
拮据14n.真菌;
菌类;
蘑菇15n.蚜虫类16n.牲畜;
家畜17adv.不停地
overants.Theyhavenevermasteredfirenorprogressed.Theirfungusfarmingandaphidherdingcrafts1aresophisticated2whencomparedtotheagriculturalskillsofhumansfivethousandyearsagobuthavebeentotallyovertakenbymodernhumanagribusiness.3
Orhavethey?
Thefarmingmethodsofantsareatleastsustainable4.Theydonotruinenvironmentsoruseenormous5amountsofenergy.Moreover,recentevidencesuggeststhatthecropfarmingofantsmaybemoresophisticatedandadaptablethanwasthought.Antswerefarmersfiftymillionyearsbeforehumanswere.Antscan’tdigestthecellulose6inleaves-butsomefungican.Theantsthereforecultivate7thesefungiintheirnests,bringingthemleavestofeedon,andthenusethemasasourceoffood.Farmerantssecreteantibiotics8tocontrolotherfungithatmightactas‘weeds’,andspreadwastetofertilise9thecrop.
Itwasoncethoughtthatthefungusthatantscultivatewasasingletypethattheyhadpropagated10.Essentiallyunchangedfromthedistantpast.Notso.UlrichMuellerofMarylandandhiscolleaguesgeneticallyscreened11862differenttypesoffungitakenfromants’nests.Theseturnedouttobehighlydiverse:
itseemsthatantsarecontinuallydomesticating12newspecies.Evenmoreimpressively,DNAanalysisofthefungisuggeststhattheantsimproveormodifythefungibyregularlyswapping13andsharingstrainswithneighbour
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