共享经济外文翻译文献编辑Word格式文档下载.docx
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共享经济外文翻译文献编辑Word格式文档下载.docx
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国外作者:
KoenFrenken,JulietSchor
文献出处:
《EnvironmentalInnovationandSocietalTransitions》,2017,23:
3-10
字数统计:
英文3345单词,18027字符;
中文5823汉字
外文文献:
Puttingthesharingeconomyintoperspective
AbstractWedevelopaconceptualframeworkthatallowsustodefinethesharingeconomyanditsclosecousinsandweunderstanditssuddenrisefromaneconomic-historicperspective.Wethenassessthesharingeconomyplatformsintermsoftheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalimpacts.Weendwithreflectionsoncurrentregulationsandfuturealternatives,andsuggestanumberoffutureresearchquestions.
Keywords:
Sharing;
Platform;
Sustainability;
Reversetechnologyassessment;
Regulation
1.Introduction
IntheSpringof2014,thesharingeconomyheldanunusualgatheringinSanFrancisco,asortof“comingout”party.Entitled“SHARE,”theconferenceincludednotonlyfounders,fundersandfansofthesharingeconomy,butalsoharshcritics.Politicallyprogressiveinsidersandoutsidersraisedquestionsaboutaccess,exclusionandthedistributionofvalueinthesector.Theydiscussedtheirvisionofafairer,lower-carbon,moretransparent,participatoryandsocially-connectedeconomy,andwhetherthosegoalsareconsistentwiththeactionsofthelarge,moneyedplayers—thesuccessfulplatformsandtheventurecapitalistswhoarebackingthemwithvastsumsoffinance.Morerecently,akeyfigurefromtheFrenchsharingeconomythinkthankOuiShareevenstatedattheirannualconferenceinParisthat“thesharingeconomyisover”asitdidnotliveupitsinitialpromises(DeGrave,2016).
Itisclearthatthesharingeconomyiscreatingenormousamountsofwealth,andthatithasbeenusingasociallyprogressivefeel-goodrhetorictodoso.Butwilltheplatformssharethatwealthwithusers—onboththeproviderandusersidesofthemarket?
Willtheplatformsensurewidespreadaccess—byexpandingtheiruserbasebeyondthemostlywhite,highlyeducated,able-bodiedurbaniteswhohavecomprisedthebulkofusersinthefirststage?
Willtheymakegoodontheirpromisestoprovidedecentlivelihoodsforproviders,opportunitiesforso-called“micro-entrepreneurs”andwilltheycontinuetoproviderealvaluetocustomers?
Oristherhetoricmerelyathinveneertohideapredatorybusinessmodelthatwillultimatelyappropriatevaluetoinvestorsandfounders,oncethemarketdevelopsandusersarelockedintotheplatforms?
Willtheplatformsbehavelikethemonopoliesthatsomeseempoisedtobecome?
Whileit’stooearlyfordefinitiveanswerstoanswerthesequestions,webelieveitiscrucialwestartaskingtheminamoreanalytical,empiricalandcriticalmanner.
Ouraimwiththispaperistoputthesharingeconomyintoperspectivebyprovidingaconceptualframeworkthatallowsustodefinethesharingeconomyanditsclosecousinsandtounderstanditssuddenrisefromaneconomic-historicperspective(Section2),toassesssharingeconomyplatformsintermsoftheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalimpacts(Section3),andtoreflectoncurrentregulationsandpossiblealternativeplatformarchitectures(Section4).Weendwithsomeresearchquestionsforfutureresearch(Section5).
2.Definitionalissues
Thenotionofsharingofidlecapacityiscentraltothedefinitionofsharingeconomy,becauseitdistinguishesthepracticeofsharingofgoodsfromthepracticeofon-demandpersonalservices.ThereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenorderingataxithroughUber,LyftorDidiandsharingaridethroughBlaBlaCaroranotherhitchhikingorcarpoolingplatform(MeelenandFrenken,2015).Inthecaseofataxiservice,theconsumercreatesnewcapacitybyorderingataxiondemandtodrivethepassengerfromAtoB.Withouttheorder,thetripwouldnothavebeenmadeinthefirstplace.Inthiscase,thetermnowcomingintocommonuseistheon-demandeconomy.Bycontrast,inthecaseofhitchhiking/carpooling,theconsumeroccupiesaseatthatwouldotherwisenothavebeenusedasthedriverhadplannedtogofromAtoBanyway.Hitchhikingandcarpoolingareexamplesofride-sharingandpartofthesharingeconomy(Benkler,2004).Indeed,inthecontextoftransportation,thisdistinctionbetweenon-demandeconomyandsharingeconomyhasbecomeclearerovertimeasmostcommentatorsnowcallUber,LyftandDidiride-hailingcompaniesinsteadofride-sharing.
Thenotionofunder-utilizationisalsokeytothecurrentdiscussionabouthomesharingplatformssuchasAirbnb.Whenahouseownerisawayforholidaysorabusinesstrip,orhasasparebedroom,theassetisnotutilized.Thatis,theunoccupiedhousecanbeconsideredastemporaryidlecapacity.If,however,apersonweretobuyasecondhomeandrentitouttotouristspermanently,thatconstitutesrunningacommerciallodgingsite,suchasaB&
Borhotel.
Basedonthisdefinition,thesharingeconomycanbedistinguishedfromthreeothertypesofplatformsthataresharingeconomyexamplespre-datingtheInternet.InFig.1,thesharingeconomyisplacedinthecentreasitadherestothethreedefiningcharacteristics:
consumer-to-consumerinteraction(c2c),temporaryaccessandphysicalgoods.
Fig.1.Sharingeconomyandrelatedformsofplatformeconomy
Consumerssellinggoodstoeachotheriscalledthesecond-handeconomy.Thisdoesnotfallunderthesharingeconomyasconsumersgranteachotherpermanentaccess,ratherthantemporaryaccesstotheirgoods.LargeplatformsintermediatingsuchtransactionsareEbayandTaobao.Therearealsoplatformswherepeoplegiveawaygoodstoeachother,withoutpayment(includingFacebookgroups).Thiswouldalsofallunderthecategoryofconsumerswhograntanotherpermanentaccess.Rentinggoodsfromacompanyratherthanfromanotherconsumerwecalltheproduct-serviceeconomy.Theserviceprovidedbythecompanyconsistsofgivingtheconsumeraccesstoaproductwhilethecompanyretainsownershipofit.Oncetheproducthasbeenusedandreturned,itbecomesavailableagainforanotherrenter.AnexampleisacarrentalservicesuchasHertz.Finally,ifwearedealingwithp2pservicedeliveryinsteadofp2pgoodsharing,thetermon-demandeconomyisused.Morerecently,commentatorsinthiscontextalsotendtospeakofthe“gigeconomy”.Theon-demandorgigeconomyincludespurchasingpersonalservicessuchasaride,ahandymanoracookedmeal.
Thedefinitionthatweuseforsharingeconomyplatforms,andthethreeothertypesofplatformsthatcanbedistinguishedfromit,accommodatesthenotionofsharingasahistoricalpractice.BeforethearrivalofInternetplatforms,peoplewerealreadylendingorrentingoutgoodstoothers.Theysharedwithfamilyandfriendsbecausewereknownandtrustedsocialcontacts.Whatisnewisthatusersnowalsolendgoodstostrangers,becausetheInternethasenormouslydecreasedtransactioncostsbetweenunknownothers.Bytransactioncosts,economistsmeanallthecostsandtroubleincurredinmakinganeconomictransaction(Williamson,1981).Thisrefersespeciallytothecostsrelatedtosearchandarrangingacontract.Amongstrangers,thesewerehighbeforetheadventoftheInternet,astherewaslittleinformationavailableaboutsupply,reliabilityandcontractforms(Benkler,2004).Thisisonereasonwhysharingwasgenerallylimitedtoacircleoffriendsandfamily.AsaresultofInternetplatforms,thecostsofthesearchandthecontracthavebecomemuchlower.Consumersnowfinditmucheasiertolocategoodsandservicestheywant,andtransactionsareregularizedviastandardcontractsandonlinepaymentsystems.Inaddition,onmostsharing-economyplatformsinformationonthepastbehaviourandthereforetrustworthinessofusersiselicitedasaregularfeatureoftransactions.Thisfurtherlowerstransactioncostsandlowersrisk.
3.Assessingthesharingeconomy
Thedirecteconomiceffectsofthesharingeconomyareindisputablypositive.Peoplewhovoluntarilyenterintoatransactioninthesharingeconomyonlydosoifitisbeneficialtobothparties.Eveninthecaseofgoodslendingthereisabenefit:
therearefewcostsforthelenderbecausethepersondidnotneedtheproductduringthelendingperiod,whereastheborrowergainsaccesstotheproductwithoutcharge.Theriseinincomeorconsumerwelfarecanbeunderstoodasadirectconsequenceoflowertransactioncosts.Millionsoftransactionsnowtakeplacethatdidnothappeninthepast,becausethetransactioncostsinvolvedinstrangersharingweresimplytoohigh(Benkler,2004).
Yet,thefulleconomiceffectsarefarmorecomplex.First,theriseofp2psharingmarketswillhaveindirecteffectsonothermarkets.Forexample,legacybusinessesandtheirworkersinrelatedmarketsarelikelytoexperiencelowerearnings.OnestudyfoundthathotelearningsinTexasdeclinedsignificantlyinplaceswhereAirbnbgrew(Zervasetal.,2016).Furtheranalysisalsoshowedthattheimpactswereunevenacrosstheindustry,withlower-endhotelsandhotelsnotcateringtobusinesstravellersbeingthemostaffected.ThisindicatesthatAirbnbisapartialsubstituteforhotelnights,especiallyinthecheapersegmentsofthehotelmarket.Thesameeffectmaybeexpectedinthemarketforcarrentalswhichnowfaceincreasedcompetitionduetotheriseofp2pcarsharingplatforms.Therearealsopotentiallyeffectsonthesupplyandpriceofhousing,ifhomesharingbecomesmorewidespread.Thiswouldmeanthatresidentsseetheirrentsgoupinneighbourhoodswherehomesharingispopular.
Second,thereareexternalitiesasthirdpartiesmayexperiencelossesasthetwopartiestransact.Thisisespeciallyaproblemwithhousesharingwithneighboursexper
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