How to reference.docx
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How to reference.docx
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Howtoreference
Howtoreference
TheseHarvard-basedguidelinesaregenericandaremeanttosupplement,notreplace,theguidelinesgiventoyouforyourprogramme,whichareusuallyprovidedinyourmodulehandbooks.Somesubjectsmaketheseguidelinesavailableontheportal.Youareadvisedtofollowyourmodule/programmeinstructionsexactlyforcitingandreferencingsources,andusethisguideforfurtherinformationonly.Forfurtherinformationonawidevarietyofsources,consultPears,R.andShields,G.(2008)Citethemright:
theessentialreferencingguide.NewcastleuponTyne:
PearTreeBooks.
Contents:
1.In-textreferences/citations
Thismeanshowtoputreferencesinthebodyofyourassignment,andthissectionincludesthefollowingcases:
1.11Atypicalreference-whattoincludeandwhatnotto
1.12Incorporatingothers’material-wordsandexpressionstouse
1.13Author'snameoccursnaturallyinthesentence
1.14Author’snamedoesnotoccurnaturally
1.15Pagenumbers-whentousethem
1.16Morethanoneciteddocumentbythesameauthor(s)inthesameyear
1.17Twoauthorsofonework
1.18Morethantwoauthorsofonework
1.19Dictionaries,encyclopaediasorothercollaborativeworkswithseveralauthors
1.110Nooriginator
1.111Newspaperwherenoauthorisgiven
1.112Corporateauthorsororganisationswherenoindividual’snameisindicated
1.113Yearofpublicationunknown
1.114Secondarysources(oneauthorreferredtoinanother’stext)
1.115Differentauthorssayingthesamething
1.116Authorinaneditedbook
1.117Diagrams,photos,charts,mapsandotherillustrations
1.118Unsurewhethertociteornot?
1.119Howmanyreferencesshouldtherebe?
1.120Compare,commentandcritique
2.Referencelistorbibliography
Thismeanshowtomakeareferencelistorbibliography(thissectiondescribesthedifferencebetweenthetwo)attheendofyourassignmentforthefollowingtypesofsources:
2.1Thedifferencebetweenareferencelistandbibliography
2.2Howtomakeareferencelist
2.2.1Books(severalauthors,editedbooks,chapters,editions,sameauthorandyear,thesesanddissertations)
2.2.2JournalArticles(periodicals,printed,electronicandonline)
2.2.3Downloadedarticles
2.2.4Webpages
2.2.5Conferencepapers
2.2.6Newspapers
2.2.7Filmandtelevisionprogrammes
2.2.8Interviews
2.2.9Noobviousauthor,publisher,dateorplace,inc.Governmentpublications
NBfortypesofsourcenotlistedhere,pleaserefertoPears,R.andShields,G.(2008)Citethemright:
theessentialreferencingguide.NewcastleuponTyne:
PearTreeBooks
1.In-textreferences/citations
Howtoputreferencesinthebodyofyourassignment
1.1Atypicalin-textreferenceinanauthor/date(Harvardtype)systemmightlookliketheonebelow.Notethatthefullstopcomesafterthereferencetoincludeitinthesentencetowhichitrefers:
Oneofthemostproblematicaspectsofenvironmentalpolicy-makingissaidtobethatofpersuadingbigactorsofitsapparentimportance(McDonald,2006).However…
Whenyouareputtingreferencesintothebodyofyourassignment,whatevertypeofsourceyouuse(book,newspaperarticle,journalarticle,websiteetc.),thebasicprincipleisthesameinHarvardstylesofreferencing:
youjustneedtoincludetheauthor’ssurnameandtheyearofpublication.
Donotincludetoomuchinformationinthein-textreference:
thewebaddress,publisher,titleetc.arenotnecessaryandaredistracting,unlesstheyoccurnaturallyinthesentencetohelpgiveitmeaning-forexample:
InPoole’sarticleon‘Whythepolaricecapsaremelting’(2006),thebiggestcauseiscitedasbeing…
1.2Incorporatingothers’material
Inthisdocument,wehavetriedtovaryhowthereferencesareintegratedtoavoidexcessiverepetition.Thereferenceneedstobeattachedtotheparticularpieceofmaterialitrefersto,butdependingonhowthematerialisincorporatedintoyourwork,thereferencemaycomeatthebeginning,inthemiddleorattheendofyoursentence-theyareallacceptable,andvaryinghowyouusethemavoidsirritatingrepetition.Thefollowingthreetablesgiveexamplesofphrasesyoucanusetointegrateideasand/orcitationsintoyourtext:
∙astheverbinthemainclause,followedbya‘that’clause
Rees(2004)arguesthat…
Rees(2004)observesthat…
∙astheverbina‘comment’clause,followedbythemainclause:
AsRees(2004)argues,…
AsRees(2004)observes,…
∙asanouninthemainclause
Rees(2004)usestheargumentthat…
Rees(2004)makestheobservationthat…
Othercommonlyusedexpressionsare:
∙forquotation(remembertoincludethepagenumber)orparaphrase(nopagenumber)
AccordingtoRees(2004),…
AsfarasRees(2004)isconcerned,…
∙forquotationonly
InthewordsofRees(2004:
6),‘…’.
ToquoteRees(2004:
6),‘
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