最新四六级阅读长难句训练培训讲学Word文件下载.docx
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最新四六级阅读长难句训练培训讲学Word文件下载.docx
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4.TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.
5.Theuseofheatpumpshasbeenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyastwounitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyused,thusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.
6.Inbrief,herworksneitherelevatenorinstruct.Thisrestraintlargelyexplainsherlackofpopularsuccessduringherlifetime,evenifhertalentdidnotgocompletelyunrecognizedbyhereighteenth-centuryFrenchcontemporaries.
7.Intheearly1950’s,historianswhostudiedpre-industrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite:
thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.
8.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw——notwithstanding,ofcourse,aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentareconcerned——thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequatelythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.
9.ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora(thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael),thespiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.
10.Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit;
Islamiclawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle,oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-IslamicArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenoverfromthenon-Arabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.
11.Jewishlawwasbuttressedbythecohesionofthecommunity,reinforcedbypressurefromoutside;
itsrulesarethedirectexpressionofthisfeelingofcohesion,tendingtowardtheaccommodationofdissent.
12.Whilethenewdoctrineseemsalmostcertainlycorrect,theonepapyrusfragmentraisesthespecterthatanothermaybeunearthed,showing,forinstance,thatitwasaposthumousproductionoftheDanaidtetralogywhichbestedSophocles,andthrowingthedateoncemoreintoutterconfusion.
13.Thisisunlikelytohappen,butitwarnsusthatperhapsthemostsalutaryfeatureofthepapyrusscrapisitsmessageoftheextremedifficultyofclassifyingandcategorizingrigidlythedevelopmentofacreativeartist.
14.Traditionally,pollinationbywindhasbeenviewedasareproductiveprocessmarkedbyrandomeventsinwhichthevagariesofthewindarecompensatedforbythegenerationofvastquantitiesofpollen,sothattheultimateproductionofnewseedsisassuredattheexpenseofproducingmuchmorepollenthanisactuallyused.
15.Becausethepotentialhazardspollengrainsaresubjecttoastheyaretransportedoverlongdistancesareenormous,wind-pollinatedplantshave,intheviewabove,compensatedfortheensuinglossofpollenthroughhappenstancebyvirtueofproducinganamountofpollenthatisonetothreeordersofmagnitudegreaterthantheamountproducedbyspeciespollinatedbyinsects.
16.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen"
seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen"
swork.
17.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.
18.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880"
screatedanewclassof"
dead-end"
jobs,thenceforthconsidered"
women"
swork."
19.Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.
20.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomen"
sworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:
thesegregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen"
shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.
21.Disputesoccurred,ofcourse,amongthosewhoremainedontherebelside,buttheextraordinarysocialmobilityofeighteenth-centuryAmericansociety(withtheobviousexceptionofslaves)usuallypreventedsuchdisputesfromhardeningalongclasslines.
22.Socialstructurewasinfactsofluid—thoughrecentstatisticssuggestanarrowingofeconomicopportunityasthelatterhalfofthecenturyprogressed—thattotalkaboutsocialclassesatallrequirestheuseoflooseeconomiccategoriessuchasrich,poor,andmiddleclass,oreighteenth-centurydesignationslike"
thebettersort."
23.Althoughundertonesofclassconflictexistedbeneathsuchhostility,theoppositionwasprimarilygeographical.Sectionalconflict—whichalsoexistedbetweenNorthandSouth—deservesfurtherinvestigation.
24.Yetthosewhostresstheachievementofageneralconsensusamongthecolonistscannotfullyunderstandthatconsensuswithoutunderstandingtheconflictsthathadtobeovercomeorrepressedinordertoreachit.
25.Therecent,apparentlysuccessful,predictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofEINino—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica—hasexcitedresearchers.
26.TakingmonthstotraversethePacific,RossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasin,whichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchains,suchas,thePhilippinesandIndonesia.
27.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.
28.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”
29.Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.
30.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.
31.Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.
32.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.
33.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore—consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether—hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.
34.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.
35.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorig
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