英语词汇学复习文档格式.docx
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英语词汇学复习文档格式.docx
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1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics
4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:
1)Diachronicapproach:
历时语言学
2)Synchronicapproach:
共时语言学
e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论,woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式?
Woman的词义的变化是Narrowingorspecialization
第一章词的概述;
1.识记:
词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类
Whatisword?
词具有哪些特点?
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;
2)Asoundunityoragivensound;
3)aunitofmeaning;
4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类(classificationofaword)
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词?
或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词?
1)simplewords2)complexwords
单音节词例子:
e.g.Manandfinearesimple
多音节词例子:
e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmail
management可以次划分为manage和-ment
misfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortune
blackmail次划分为black和mail
Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?
1)Thereis,nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat
2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.
3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.
Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?
1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish
3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.
Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?
1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.
2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.
3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.
4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词:
1)influencedbyRomans
2)Pronunciationchanged
3)earlyscribes
4)borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些?
e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。
Whatisvocabulary?
Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.
ClassificationofWords本(课的一个重点)
Whatistheclassificationofwords?
Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?
Threecriteria:
1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion
Byuseoffrequency可划分为:
1)Thebasicwordstock
Bynotion可划分为:
3)Byorigin
2)Nonbasicwordvocabulary
1)Contentword2)Functionalword
Contentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的别称)
Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stability
AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you
Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?
1)
Allnationalcharacter
2)Stability
3)
Productivity
4)Polysemy
5)
Collocability
要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的,最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点,请你举例说明?
e.g.man,woman,fire,watere.g.machine,video,telephone
⋯
e.g.bow,chariot,knight
Stabilityisrelative,notabsolute.
根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外,还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点?
或者是几大分类?
Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra
2)Jargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)
Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)
4)Argote.g.persuader
Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)
6)
Archaismse.g.wilt(will)
7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)
beaver是girl的slang表达方式,但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference
WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?
Answer:
Contentwords
Whatisnativewords?
(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.
(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturyby
theGermantribes:
theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.
(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage
什么叫borrowedwords?
Answer:
(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.
(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary
(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentries
areborrowed.
什么叫Denizens?
DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).
(earlyscripts)
(scripts)
‘Denizens’的例子都要记:
Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier
(F),porkfromporc(F).
什么叫Translation-loans?
Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas
longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)
什么叫Semantic-loans?
wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant?
joy?
and,music?
anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.
6.英语词汇的形成与发展
1)印欧语系的谱系关系2)英语词汇发展的历史回顾3)当代英语词汇发展的状况
4)词汇发展的方式
ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary
TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily
Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.重(点:
语系划分的标准)
Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?
1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar
(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容:
)
Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenianand
Russian.
‘Indo-European’两大分支:
①.Easternset
②.Westernset
Easternset:
Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian
Westernset:
Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.
InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.
Celtic:
Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton
ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,
RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:
Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings?
invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.
Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.
OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.
重点句:
ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland
古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于
古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了
Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期?
.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)
如果从词汇变化的角度而言,ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,
modernperiod.
*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance
ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入?
TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod
现代英语时期,英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)
TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)
GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary
Threemainsourcesofnewwords:
1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology
2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;
3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage
ModesofVocabularyDevelopment
1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing
2)Semanticchange(还包括外来词的Semanticloans)
Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer
外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.重点句:
borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色
RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的?
答案:
ModernEnglishperiod
文艺复兴时期,恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?
EarlyModernEnglishperiod
在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象?
French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod
easel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段,属于哪一种外来词的引入?
MiddleEnglish,Dutch
在英语发展的某一个阶段,有一种语言进入英语,它一共带来了
2500个词汇,
这种语言是什么?
Dutch
据现代语言学家的统计,英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?
50,000to60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)
第二次世界大战以后,大量外来词进入英语中,如:
Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary
注意:
第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。
OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的striking
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