Global Status of Commercialized Biotech GM Crops iWord文档下载推荐.docx
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ISAAABrief43-2011:
ExecutiveSummary
Introduction
ThisExecutiveSummaryfocusesonthe2011biotechcrophighlights,whicharepresentedanddiscussedindetailinISAAABrief43,GlobalStatusofCommercializedBiotech/GMCrops:
2011.
Biotechcropsreached160millionhectares,up12millionhectareson8%growth,from2010,astheglobalpopulationreachedahistoricalmilestoneof7billionon31October2011
2011wasthe16thyearofcommercializationofbiotechcrops,1996-2011,whengrowthcontinuedafteraremarkable15consecutiveyearsofincreases;
adouble-digitincreaseof12millionhectares,atagrowthrateof8%,reachingarecord160millionhectares.
Biotechcrops,fastestadoptedcroptechnology
A94-foldincreaseinhectaragefrom1.7millionhectaresin1996to160millionhectaresin2011makesbiotechcropsthefastestadoptedcroptechnologyinthehistoryofmodernagriculture.
Millionsoffarmersgloballyelecttoadoptbiotechcropsduetothebenefitstheyoffer
Themostcompellingandcredibletestimonytobiotechcropsisthatduringthe16yearperiod1996to2011,millionsoffarmersin29countriesworldwide,electedtomakemorethan100millionindependentdecisionstoplantandreplantanaccumulatedhectarageofmorethan1.25billionhectares–anarea25%largerthanthetotallandmassoftheUSorChina–thereisoneprincipalandoverwhelmingreasonthatunderpinsthetrustandconfidenceofrisk-aversefarmersinbiotechnology–biotechcropsdeliversubstantial,andsustainable,socio-economicandenvironmentalbenefits.The2011studyconductedinEuropeconfirmedthatbiotechcropsaresafeasanimalfeed.
Toptencountrieseachgrewmorethan1millionhectaresofbiotechcrops
Ofthe29countriesplantingbiotechcropsin2011,itisnoteworthythat19weredevelopingand10wereindustrialcountries(seeTable1andFigure1).Thetop10countrieseachgrewmorethan1millionhectaresprovidingabroad-basedworldwidefoundationfordiversifiedgrowthinthefuture;
infact,thetopnineeachgrewmorethan2millionhectares.Morethanhalftheworld’spopulation,60%or~4billionpeople,liveinthe29countriesplantingbiotechcrops.
Atotalof16.7millionfarmersgrewbiotechcropsin2011,up1.3millionfrom2010–notably,15millionor90%weresmallresource-poorfarmersfromdevelopingcountries
In2011,arecord16.7millionfarmers,up1.3millionor8%from2010,grewbiotechcrops–notably,over90%,or15million,weresmallresource-poorfarmersindevelopingcountries.Farmersarethemastersofriskaversionandin2011,7millionsmallfarmersinChinaandanother7millionsmallfarmersinIndia,collectivelyplantedarecord14.5millionhectaresofbiotechcrops.BtcottonincreasedtheincomeoffarmerssignificantlybyuptoUS$250perhectareandalsohalvedthenumberofinsecticidesprays,thusreducingfarmerexposuretopesticides.
Developingcountriesgrewcloseto50%ofglobalbiotechcrops
Developingcountriesgrewcloseto50%(49.875%)ofglobalbiotechcropsin2011andforthefirsttimeareexpectedtoexceedindustrialcountrieshectaragein2012;
thisiscontrarytothepredictionofcriticswho,priortothecommercializationofthetechnologyin1996,prematurelydeclaredthatbiotechcropswereonlyforindustrialcountriesandwouldneverbeacceptedandadoptedbydevelopingcountries.In2011,thegrowthrateforbiotechcropswastwiceasfastandtwiceaslargeindevelopingcountries,at11%or8.2millionhectares,versus5%or3.8millionhectaresinindustrialcountries.Duringtheperiod1996-2010cummulativeeconomicbenefitswerethesamefordevelopinganddevelopedcountries(US$39billion).For2010alone,economicbenefitsfordevelopingcountrieswerehigheratUS$7.7billioncomparedwithUS$6.3billionfordevelopedcountries.
Stackedtraitsoccupied~25%oftheglobal160millionhectares
Stackedtraitsareanimportantfeatureofbiotechcrops–12countriesplantedbiotechcropswithtwoormoretraitsin2011,andencouragingly9weredevelopingcountries–42.2millionhectaresor26%ofthe160millionhectareswerestackedin2011,upfrom32.2millionhectaresor22%ofthe148millionhectaresin2010.
The5leadbiotechdevelopingcountriesareChina,India,Brazil,ArgentinaandSouthAfrica–theygrew44%ofglobalbiotechcrops,andhave~40%ofworldpopulation
ThefiveleaddevelopingcountriesinbiotechcropsareChinaandIndiainAsia,BrazilandArgentinainLatinAmerica,andSouthAfricaonthecontinentofAfrica,collectivelygrew71.4millionhectares(44%ofglobal)andtogetherrepresent~40%oftheglobalpopulationof7billion,whichcouldreach10.1billionby2100.Remarkably,Africaalonecouldescalatefrom1billiontoday(~15%ofglobal)toapossiblehighof3.6billion(~35%ofglobal)bytheendofthiscenturyin2100–globalfoodsecurity,exacerbatedbyhighandunaffordablefoodprices,isaformidablechallengetowhichbiotechcropscancontributebutarenotapanacea.
Brazil,theengineofbiotechcropgrowth
BrazilrankssecondonlytotheUSAinbiotechcrophectarageintheworld,with30.3millionhectares,andisemergingasagloballeaderinbiotechcrops.Forthethirdconsecutiveyear,Brazilwastheengineofgrowthgloballyin2011,increasingitshectarageofbiotechcropsmorethananyothercountryintheworld–arecord4.9millionhectareincrease,equivalenttoanimpressiveyear-over-yearincreaseof20%.Brazilgrows19%oftheglobalhectarageof160millionhectaresandisconsolidatingitspositionbyconsistentlyclosingthegapwiththeUS.AfasttrackapprovalsystemallowedBraziltoapprove8eventsin2010,andasof15October2011,anadditional6eventswereapprovedin2011.Brazilapprovedthefirststackedsoybeanwithinsectresistanceandherbicidetoleranceforcommercializationin2012.Notably,EMBRAPA,apublicsectorinstitution,withanannualbudgetof~US$1billion,gainedapprovaltocommercializeahome-grownbiotechvirusresistantbean,(riceandbeansarethestaplesofLatinAmerica)developedentirelywithitsownresources,thusdemonstratingitsimpressivetechnicalcapacityto
develop,deliverandapprove
anewstate-of-theartbiotechcrop.
TheUSistheleadproducerofbiotechcropswith69.0millionhectares(43%ofglobal)
TheUScontinuedtobetheleadproducerofbiotechcropsgloballywith69.0millionhectares,(anaverageadoptionrateof~90%acrossitsprincipalbiotechcrops)withparticularlystronggrowthinmaizeandcottonin2011andtheresumptionoftheplantingofRR®
alfalfa–alfalfaisthefourthlargesthectaragecropintheUS(~8millionhectares)aftermaize,soybeanandwheat;
RR®
alfalfacurrentlyoccupies~200,000hectaresandstrongfarmer-demandaugerswellforthefuture.Adoptioncouldreachashighas35%to50%byaround2015andhigherthereafter.RR®
sugarbeet,thefastestadoptedbiotechcrop,continuestohavea95%adoptionequivalentto~475,000hectares.ResistancetocornrootwormwasreportedintheUSandcollaborativestudiestoassesstheeventareunderway.Itistimely,toagainstressthatadherencetogoodfarmingpracticesincludingrotationsandresistancemanagement,areamustforbiotechcropsastheyareforconventionalcrops.Finally,andimportantly,fromaregulatoryviewpoint,virusresistantpapayafromtheUSwasapprovedforconsumptionasafreshfruit/foodinJapaneffective1December2011.
BtcottonhastransformedcottonproductioninIndia
In2011,IndiacelebratedadecadeofsuccessfulcultivationofBtcotton,whichhasachievedphenomenalsuccessintransformingthecottoncropintothemostproductiveandprofitablecropinthecountry.India’sBtcottonsareuniqueinthattheyarehybridsandnotvarieties,asusedbyallothercountriesplantingBtcotton.In2011,plantingsofBtcottoninIndiasurpassedthehistoricalmilestoneof10millionhectares(10.6)forthefirsttime,andoccupied88%oftherecord12.1millionhectarecottoncrop.Theprincipalbeneficiarieswere7millionfarmersgrowing,onaverage,1.5hectaresofcotton.Historically,theincreasefrom50,000hectaresofBtcottonin2002,(whenBtcottonwasfirstcommercialized)to10.6millionhectaresin2011representsanunprecedented212-foldincreasein10years.IndiaenhancedfarmincomefromBtcottonbyUS$9.4billionintheperiod2002to2010andUS$2.5billionin2010alone(BrookesandBarfoot,2012,Forthcoming)
.Thus,BtcottonhastransformedcottonproductioninIndiabyincreasingyieldsubstantially,decreasinginsecticideapplicationsby~50%,andthroughwelfarebenefits,contributedtothealleviationofpovertyof7millionsmallresource-poorfarmersandtheirfamiliesin2011alone.ApprovalofBtbrinjal(eggplant)ispendinginIndiawhilstthePhilippinesisplanningforanapprovalin2012/13withaviewtobenefitingfromthesubstantialreductionsinpesticideappliedtothisverypest-pronebutpopularvegetable,referredtoasthe“queenofthevegetables”inIndia.
InChina,sevenmillionsmallfarmersbenefitfrom3.9millionhectaresofBtcotton
InChina,7millionsmallresource-poorfarmers(averageof~0.5hectareofcotton)grewarecord3.9millionhectaresofBtcottonatthehighestadoptionrateto-dateof71.5%.Governmenthasreconfirmedthenationalimportanceofbiotechcrops,tobedevelopedunderstrictbiosafetystandards.BiotechphytasemaizeandBtrice,approvedforbiosafetyin2009,areundergoingroutinefieldtesting.Maizehasbeenaccordedpriorityforcommercializationtomeetarapidl
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