Chapter 2 The tourism systemWord下载.docx
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Asystematicapproachtotourism
1periods
Thetourist
Originregion,transitregionanddestination
Distributionoftourismsectors
Teachingprocedure
2.1Introduction
Thischapterintroducestheconceptofthetourismsystemanddiscussesitskeycomponentsinanintroductoryway,establishingthebasisforamorethoroughanalysisinsubsequentchapters.
2.2Asystematicapproachtotourism
Asystemcanbedefinedasagroupofinterrelated,interdependent,andinteractingelementsthattogetherformasinglefunctionalstructure.
2.2.1Thebasicwholetourismsystem
Initssimplestform,fiveinterdependentcoreelementsmustbepresent:
✓atleastonetourist
✓atleastonetouristgeneratingregion
✓atleastonetouristrouteregion
✓atleastonetouristdestination
✓atravelandtouristindustry
■Figure2.1Abasictourismsystem
Additionally,thereareanynumbersofenvironments,externalsystemandtheinternalstructureofthetourismsystem.
Externalsystem(sociocultural,economicpolitical,political,physical,andsoon.):
A:
Touristconstitutestheprimaryflowofenergywithinthissystem,includingtheoilindustry,agriculture,andgovernment,tonamejustafew.
B:
Theexternalfactorscanhaveacrucialeffectontheformationoftourismsystems(e.g.:
impermeablebordersituation).
C:
Tourismsystemcanalsoinfluencetheseexternalenvironments.(e.g.:
destination’seconomy)
Internalsystem:
multipledestinationsandtransitregion,andextensivetravelwithinthosedestinationregions.
thetourismstakeholdersinthesystem
ahyperdynamicstructurethatisinaconstantstateofflux(tourist,accommodation,transportation)
2.3Thetourist
Thedefinitionoftourismisentirelydependentonthedefinitionofthetourism.Everytouristmustsimultaneouslymeetcertainspatial,temporal,andpurposivecriteria.
2.3.1Spatialcomponent
Thetravelmustoccuroutsideoftheindividual’s‘usualenvironment’.—WTO
Domesticandinternationaltourism
●domestictourist
Ifaqualifyingtravelexperienceoccurswithinaperson’susualcountryofresidence,thenthatindividualwouldbeclassifiedasadomestictourist.
●internationaltourist
Iftheexperienceoccursoutsideoftheusualcountryofresidence,thenthatpersonwouldbeclassifiedasaninternationaltourist.
Theborderisthethresholdthatseparatestheperson’susualenvironmentfromotherspace,nomatterwhatitsdistancefromtheirhome.
Questions:
WhichismoreimportantforChina’stourismindustry?
Domestictouristsfaroutnumberinternationaltouristsataglobalscaleandwithinmostcountries.
Relativelylittleisknownaboutdomestictouristscomparedwiththeirinternationalcounterparts,despitetheirmagnitudeandeconomicimportance.
Whenthetourismsystemincorporatesgeopoliticalentitiesthatarenotpartofafullyfledgedcountry,thedistinctionisnotentirelyclear.
Outboundandinboundtourists
●outboundtourist(thoseleavingtheirusualcountryofresidence)
●inboundtourist(thosearrivinginacountrydifferentfromtheirusualcountryofresidence.)
Anyinternationaltouristisbothinboundandoutboundatthesametime,withthedistinctionbeingbasedonwhethertheclassificationisbeingmadefromtheperspectiveofthecountyoforiginorthecountryofdestination.
Thecumulativenumberofinboundtripswillalwaysexceedthetotalnumberofoutboundtripsataglobalscale,sinceoneoutboundtripmusttranslateintoatleast,butpossiblymorethan,oneinboundtrip.
2.3.2Temporalcomponent
AWTOthresholdthatsetsalimitofoneyearasthemaximumamountoftimethataninboundtouristcanremaininthecountryandstillbeconsideredatourist.Fordomestictouristthisthresholdisnormallyreducedtosixmouths.
Stayoverandexcursionists
◆stayover:
Thetourist(domesticandinternational)remainsinthedestinationforatleastonenight.
◆excursionists:
Thetripdoesnotincorporateatleastoneovernightstay,andthenthetermexcursionistiscommonlyemployed.
Excursion-basedtourismisdominatedbytwomaintypeofactivity.
Cruiseshipexcursionists(e.g.:
CaribbeanandMediterranean)
Cross-bordershoppers(e.g.:
CanadaandUS)
2.3.3Travelpurpose
◆leisure/recreation
Itaccountsforthelargestsingleshareoftouristactivityatagloballevel,includesvacation,pleasureandholiday.
◆visitingfriendsandrelatives
Itisthesecondmostimportantpurposefortourism.Thedestinationdecisionisnormallypredeterminedbytheplaceofresidenceofaperson’sfriendsandrelatives.
◆business
Itisaformoftourismonlyifthetravelerisnotpaidfromasourcebasedinthedestination,includingconsulting,sales,operations,managementandmaintenance.Thelargestcategorybyfarinvolvesmeetings,incentivetravel,conventionsandexhibitions,allofwhicharecombinedintheacronymMICE.
◆sport
A.Sport-relatedtourisminvolvesthetravelofathletes,trainersandothersassociatedwithcompetitionsandtraining.
B.Largenumbersofparticipantsgenerateanenormousamountoftourism-relatedandother‘spin-off’effects.(e.g.:
the2000SydneyOlympics)
C.Itbenefitstoareasfarbeyondtheactualvenue,andlongbeforetheyareactuallyheld.
◆spiritualandhealth
Travelforreligiouspurposeandhealthpurposeincludingvisittospas,medicaltreatmentwhichisoftenblurredwithpleasure/leisuremotivations.
◆study
Studentshaveaverylargerelativeimpactonthehostcountriesbecauseoftheprolongednatureoftheirstayandthelargeexpenditures,includingtuition,thataremadeduringtheseperiodsofstudy.
◆Multipurposetourism
2.3.4Majortouristcategories
Fourmajortypesoftourist
Ø
Internationalstayoversaretouristswhoremaininadestinationoutsidetheirusualcountryofresidenceforatleastonenight.
Internationalexcursionistsremaininsuchalocationwithoutexperiencingatleastoneovernightstay.
Domesticstayoversstayforatleastonenightinadestinationthatiswithintheirownusualcountryofresidence,butoutsideofa‘usualenvironment’thatisoftendefinedbyspecialdistancethresholdsfromthehomesite.
Domesticexcursionistsundertakeasimilartrip,butwithoutstayingovernight.
■Figure2.3Fourtypesoftouristwithabroadtravelcontext
WTOterminology
TouristtermusedinthistextbooktouristtermsusedbytheWTO
Tourists=visitors
Stayovers=tourists
Excursionists=same-dayvisitors
Stopovers
Stopoversaretravelerstemporarilystayinginalocationwhileintransittoadestinationregion.Theydonotclearcustomsorundergoanyotherborderformalitiesthatsignifyanofficialvisittothatlocation.
2.3.5Definitionanddataproblems
Internationaltourism
A.Thestandardizationanduniversalityoftouristrelateddataarerelativelyrecentdevelopments,andthiscallsintoquestionthevalidityofvirtuallyanysuchdatacollectedpriortothemid-1990s.
B.TherearesomecountriesthathavenotyetbecomemembersoftheWTO,therebyitisnoteasytogetthevalidityoftheresultingdata.
C.Thequasi-statesituationscitedearlierandtheproblemsthatmayoccurwhendecidingifatouristhasexperiencedanovernightstayornot.
D.Thehighlysuspectfigurethatisprovidedfor1950isstillusedasthebasisforgeneratingyeardata.
Domestictourism
A.Reliabledataresultsaredependentonappropriatesamplingtechniquesandalltheotherproceduresthatmustbefollowedinthesurveyingprocess.
B.Evenhighlydevelopedcountriescontinuetoexperiencemanydifficultiesintheirattemptstounderstandthemagnitudeoftheirtourismsystemasapreliminarystepintheireffectivemanagement.
2.4Originregion
Theregion(e.g.country,state,city)fromwhichthetouristoriginates,alsoreferredtoasthemarketofgeneratingregion
■Origincommunity:
Theresidentsoftheoriginregion
■Origingovernment:
Thegovernmentoftheoriginregion
2.4.1Origincommunity
Therearenumerouswaysinwhichorigincommunityimpactscanoccur
①Somemajororigincitiescanresembleghosttowns,whenasubstantialnumberofresidentstraveltothenearestbeachforrecreationalpurposes
②Localbusinessesmaysufferasaresultwhilethelocaleconomyaffectedbytheassociatedoutflowofcaption
③Conversely,travelagenciescanexcepttothriveasaresultofoutboundtouristactivity
④Significanteffectscanalsobefeltatthesocioculturallevel(returningtouristmaybringwiththemthefashion,foodsandmusicofvariousdestinations)
⑤Othertangiblesocioculturalimpacts(malariaandAIDS,andthemarriageoftouristtolocalresidents)
2.4.2Origingovernment
Thecrucialroleoforigingovernmentscanbelikenedtoasafetyvalvethatultimatelydeterminestheamountofenergy(i.e.touristflow)thatisallowedintothesystem.
①Prohibitionsonthetravelimposedbythegovernmentspreventedthedevelopmentoftourismsystem.(SuchasAmericangovernment)
②Incountri
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