语言学期末复习重点Word文件下载.docx
- 文档编号:22536144
- 上传时间:2023-02-04
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:14
- 大小:24.78KB
语言学期末复习重点Word文件下载.docx
《语言学期末复习重点Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学期末复习重点Word文件下载.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
somesocialfactorsthatarebelievedtoinfluenceourlanguagebehaviorinasocialcontext.Amongthesefactors,somemajoronesincludea)class;
b)gender;
c)age;
d)ethnicidentity;
e)educationbackground;
f)occupation;
andg)religiousbelief.
社会语言学(thesociolinguisticsoflanguage)
cross-culturalcommunication
1.WheninRomedoastheRomansdo入乡随俗
2.Putyourselfinother’sshoes换位思考
3.Oneculture’smeatisanotherculture’spoison萝卜青菜各有所爱
Honestyandsincerityarekeypointstomutualunderstanding
第八章
Ifwedividemeaningintotwomajorsides:
thesidemorecloselyrelatedtothewordsused,themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning(whichisstudiedundertheheadingofsemantics)andthesidemorecloselyrelatedtothecontext,themoreindeterminateside,orsomethingextra(whichisstudiedundertheheadingofpragmatics)
SpeechActTheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuseAustinrevisedthenotesandchangedthetitlefromWordsandDeeds(《言与行》)toHowtoDoThingswithWords(《怎样用词做事》),
Austin’sfirstshotatthetheoryistheclaimthattherearetwotypesofsentences:
performativesandconstatives.
Austinarguesthatsentenceslikethefollowingdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofanaction.SotheyarccalledPERFORMATIVES.
Ex.8-2saidbyachemistryteacherinademonstrationofanexperimentisnotaperformative.Itisadescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.Thespeakercannotpouranyliquidintoatubebysimplyutteringthesewords.Hemustaccompanyhiswordswiththeactualpouring.Otherwiseonecanaccusehimofmakingafalsestatement.SentencesofthistypeareknownasCONSTATIVES.
ATheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct行事行为理论
Inhis(Austin)opinion,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingmaybeunderstoodasdoingsomething.Thefirstsenseisanordinaryone(普通意义).Thatis,whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.
Forexample,whensomebodysays“Morning!
”,wecanaskaquestionlike“Whatdidhedo?
”insteadof“Whatdidhesay?
”Andtheanswercouldbethatheproducedasound,wordorsentence------“Morning!
”TheactperformedinthissenseiscalledaLocutionaryAct(发话行为).
Withinthisact,however,Austinsuggeststhatthereisanotheract.Inotherwords,whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood.
Intheexampleof“Morning!
”wecansayithastheforce(语力)ofagreeting,oritoughttohavebeentakenasagreeting.Thisisthesecondsenseinwhichtosaysomethingistodosomething,andtheactperformedisknownasanIllocutionaryAct(行事行为).
Thethirdsenseinwhichtosaysomethingcanmeantodosomethingconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.Whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.Thisact,whichisperformedthrough,bymeansof,alocutionaryact,iscalledaPerlocutionaryAct(取效行为)
.Thesecondmajortheoryinpragmaticsisthetheoryofconversationalimplicature(会话含义理论),proposedbyanotherOxfordphilosopherHerbertPaulGrice.ThistheoryfirstbecameknowntothepublicatHarvardin1967.Partofthelectureswaspublishedin1975underthetitleof“LogicandConversation”,onwhichwebaseourpresentintroduction.
TheCooperativePrinciple合作原则
Gricenoticedthatindailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.Inordertoavoidthelogicaluseofimplication(蕴含),whichwetouchedoninthesectiononlogicalsemantics,Gricecoinedthetermimplicature(含义)
CooperativePrinciple,orCPGriceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaximsasfollows:
QUANTITY数量QUALITY质量RELATION关系MANNER方式
CharacteristicsofImplicature含义的特征
(1)Calculability可推导性
(2)Cancellability可取消性
(3)Non-detachability不可分离性
(4)Non-conventionality非常规性
RelevanceTheory关联理论ThistheorywasformallyproposedbyDanSperber(斯波伯)andDeirdreWilson(威尔逊)in1986.
Thedefinitionofthistheory:
Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.每一个明示交际行动,都传递一种假定:
该行动本身具备最佳关联性。
Fromthespeaker’sside,communicationshouldbeseenasanactofmakingclearone’sintentiontoexpresssomething.Thisacttheycallostensiveact(明示行为).
Therearethreedefinitionsofrelevance(关联性)inthisbook.Thefirstonerelatesittoacontext(语境).Thesecondrelatesittoanindividual(个体).Andthelastdefinitioninvolvesthephenomena(现象).
程度条件(contentcondition)的问题。
这个问题主要出现在与语境相联系的定义中
程度条件1:
如果一个设想在一个语境中的语境效应大,那么这个设想在这个语境中就具有关联性。
程度条件2:
如果一个设想在一个语境中所需的处理努力小,那么这个设想在这个语境中就具有关联性。
第十章
CAI(计算机辅助教学),wemeantheuseofcomputerinateachingprogram
CALLespeciallyreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeignlanguage.
Technology:
1Customizing,template,andauthoringprograms定制,模块和编程
2Computernetworks
3Compactdisktechnology软盘技术
4Digitizedsound数字化语音
5USB
MachineTranslation(MT)referstotheuseofmachine(usuallycomputers)totranslatetextsfromonenaturallanguagetoanother
MTcanbedividedintotwotypes:
UnassistedMTandAssistedMT.UnassistedMTtakespiecesoftextandtranslatesthemintooutputforimmediateusewithnohumaninvolvement.AssistedMTusesahumantranslatortocleanupafter,andsometimesbefore,translationinordertogetbetterqualityresults
HistoryofDevelopment
(1)TheindependentworkbyMTresearchersMT研究者的独立工作
(2)Towardsgoodqualityoutput瞄准高质量的输出
(3)Thedevelopmentoftranslationtools
ResearchMethods
(1)Thelinguisticapproach
(2)Thetransferapproach转移法
(3)Theinterlingualapproach语际法
(4)Theknowledge-basedapproach
(a)Linguisticknowledgeindependentofcontext
(b)Linguisticknowledgethatrelatestocontext,sometimescalledpragmaticknowledge(pragmatics)
(c)Commonsense/realworldknowledge(non-linguisticknowledge)
Chomskysuggestedthatthecorpuscouldneverbeausefultoolforthelinguist,asthelinguistmustseektomodellanguagecompetenceratherthanperformance.
ComputerMediatedCommunication(CMC)计算机介入的信息交流
1MailandNews
2PowerPoint
WithregardtoPowerPoint,wehavetomakesurewhatwearetalkingabout:
PowerPointasatool(software),PowerPoint’sdeck(成套)ofslidesasatext(语篇),andPowerPointpresentationasagenre(语篇类型)
PowerPointtoolisasoftwareusedtowriteoutlinesorcreatethepresentationvisualsontheslides.PowerPointtexthasbeenbroadlyunderstoodastheproduct(材料,成品)createdvisually(可视),graphically,acoustically(可听),oraudio-visually(可视听).
AsforPowerPointasagenre,itreferstoarecurringtypeofactivities,justlikewetalkaboutaletter,anote,astory,adialogue,anovel,aspeech,aplay
3Blog博客
4Chatroom
5EmoticonsandSmileys表情符号和笑眯眯
第十一章
arecentmovementcalledFocusOnFormseemstotakeamorebalancedviewontheroleofgrammarinlanguagelearning.
ThekeypointinFocusOnFormisthatalthoughlanguagelearningshouldgenerallybemeaning-focusedandcommunication-oriented(交流为导向),itisstillnecessaryandbeneficialtofocusonformoccasionally.
Despitetheadvantagesofauthentic(真实的,原汁原味的)input,strongviewshavealsobeenexpressedthatanyinputmustbecomprehensibleifitistohaveanyeffectonlearning.AccordingtoKrashen’sInputHypothesis(1985),learnersacquirelanguageasaresultofcomprehendinginputaddressedtothem.
Krashenbroughtforwardtheconceptof“i+1”principle,
InspiredbyKrashen’sInputHypothesis,manyresearchershaveconductedstudiesonkindsofoptimalinput,twoofwhichare“premodified(预先调整)input”and“interactively(交互)modifiedinput”
Interlanguageisoftenunderstoodasalanguagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.
Interlanguageisadynamiclanguagesystem,whichisconstantlymovingfromthedepartureleveltothenative-likelevel.
TheDiscourse-basedViewofLanguage基于语篇的语言focusesoncompletespokenandwrittentextsandonthesocialandculturalcontextsinwhichsuchlanguageoperates.
Communicativecompetencereferstowhatalearnersknowsabouthowalanguageisusedinparticularsituationsforeffectiveandappropriatecommunication.
TheCommuni
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 期末 复习 重点