专业英语四级阅读21Word下载.docx
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专业英语四级阅读21Word下载.docx
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Economistsdifferintheirexplanations.Andyetthisincomedisparityisseenasakeyindicatorofhowwomenaretreated—bothintheworkplaceandathome.
Fortunately,thewomen'
smovementandcivilrightsenforcementhaveendedmostgenderdiscriminationinsettingwages.Nowadvocatesarefocusedonensuringthatworkingwomenhavefemaleadvisersandrolemodels,whiletheytrytoremovesubtlediscriminationinpromotions—the"
glassceiling"
thataccountsforsofewwomenbeingintopmanagement.
Manyeconomists,however,saymanywomenhavelower-payingjobsbecauseofchoicesmadeintheirhomelife,suchastakingtimeouttoraisechildren.Orwomentakepart-time,low-wagejobsfortheflexibility.Whentheydoreentertheworkforcefulltime,they'
reoftenbehindtheirworkingpeersinpayandpromotions.
Butasmorewomenfeelempoweredtomakecareerchoices,theirpayrises.
Anotherexplanationisthatwomendon'
treallymakethechoicetodropoffthecareerladderortostayatalowerjobrung.Theymay,forexample,accepttheexpectationsofotherstotaketraditionaljobsforwomen,suchasnursing,whichhavelowmarketwages.Theymustoftentakejobsthatdon'
taccountfortheunpredictabilityoffamilies.Workingmomsmayfindtheirincomecan'
tpayfordaycare,ordaycaredoesn'
tsuittheirchild.Iftheyaremarried,theymayrealizetheirhusbandsarenotinclinedtochildrearing(orhousechores),sotheyeitherquitworkorgopart-time.
Soastheirlifechoicesseemtobecomealiteburden,women'
sincomeslipsbehindmen'
s.
Nomatterwhattheexplanation,muchprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingthepaygap.Whilegovernmentstillhasamajorrole,employerscandomore.Manyhavefoundamarketadvantageinsupportingworkingmothersorputtingwomeninmanagement.Andinthehome,menandwomenaregettingsmarterindefiningtheirmaritalrelationships,oftenbeforetyingtheknot.
Justaswomennowoutnumbermenincollege,perhapssomedaytheiraveragepaywillsurpassmen'
s—andthatmaymakeupforlostwages.(分数:
(1).April16hasbeenchosen
∙A.toshowtheorganization'
sattitudetowardsequalpay.
∙B.todefinethedayaspaydayforwomenwhoarenotequallypaid.
∙C.tomakeitclearthatwomenworkingfulltimeareearninglessthanmen.
∙D.toremindwomentoworklongerhourstoearnasmuchasmen.
(分数:
5.00)
A.
B.
C.
√
D.
解析:
事实细节题。
文章第二段中开头便提到:
“为了讲清楚这一点……选择了今年的4月16日……”,而这一点所指的内容在第一段已经出现过,即“全职工作的女性的平均报酬只有男性的75%”,由此可以看出C是原文的同义转述,正确。
A“表明该组织对平等薪酬的态度”、B“为那些没得到平等薪酬的女性把这一天定为发工资日”原文未提及;
第二段最后提到,选择这一天是要提醒美国人男女薪酬存在差异这一现象,而不是提醒女性要工作更长的时间,以取得与男人一样的薪酬,故D错误。
(2).Howcanwomenraisetheirsalary?
∙A.Bygoingoutforworkinsteadofstayingathome.
∙B.Byaskingtheiremployertoraisetheirsalary.
∙C.Bysendingtheirchildtothekindergarten.
∙D.Byhavingtheabilitytochoosetheirjobs.
C.
D.
由题干关键词raisesalary,将信息定位于第七段:
Butasmorewomenfeelempoweredtomakecareerchoices,theirpayrises.所以D是原文的同义转述。
A“出去工作,而不是待在家里”、C“把孩子送到幼儿园”文中均未谈到能解决加薪的问题;
B“叫老板加薪”原文未提及。
(3).WhichofthefollowingisNOTatraditionaljobforwomen?
∙A.Nurse.
∙B.Teacher.
∙C.Economist.
∙D.Typist.
推理判断题。
文章第八段提到妇女经常从事一些传统的职业,比如护理。
我们根据常识可以判断,护士,教师,以及从事电脑打字员等都是妇女经常从事的职业。
因此都属于妇女传统的职业,文章第六段提到过C“经济学家”,但是没有说是女性传统的职业,而且也不合常理,为本题答案。
(4).WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?
∙A.Thewagegapservesasakeyindicatorofhowwomenaretreated.
∙B.Manywomenhavelower-payingjobsbecauseofhousechores.
∙C.Someworkingmothersearnlessthantheirchildren'
sdaycarecosts.
∙D.Manyemployershavealreadydoneenoughtosupportworkingmothers.
由第四段第二句可知,收入差异被视为女性待遇的关键指标,A项的wagegap是原句incomedisparity的同义词,故该项为原文的同义转述;
文章第六段中明确说“很多女性从事低报酬的工作是因家庭生活的选择所致,例如抽时间带孩子。
”故B也为原文的同义转述;
C的内容由第八段倒数第二句的内容可以推断出;
第十段第三句谈到“许多人(雇主)已经发现了支持职业母亲的市场优势”,但这并不等于雇主们已经为支持职业母亲做得足够多,故D选项不合原文,为本题答案。
(5).Whoareexpectedtocontributemoretonarrowingthepaygap?
∙A.Womenthemselves.
∙B.Employers.
∙C.Thegovernment.
∙D.Men.
B.
由题干关键词narrowingthepaygap,将信息定位于倒数第二段。
由该段一、二句可知,在减少收入差距方面,政府仍然扮演重要角色,但雇主能做的更多;
因此B正确。
A、D与上述句子的表述不符;
C是对该句话的错误理解。
三、{{B}}TEXTB{{/B}}(总题数:
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsuponworkforceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.
Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficer(CFO)isalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'
shierarchy.
WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountstheyspendintrainingtheirworkforces,infact,theyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessaryforthenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthaninGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'
teffectivelystarttheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.(分数:
(1).InanAmericanfirm,theexecutiveofhuman-resourcemanagement
∙A.hasapositiondirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.
∙B.isoneofthemostimportantexecutivesofthefirm.
∙C.hasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsofthefirm.
∙D.isunimportantwhennewtechnologieshavebeenintroduced.
浏览题干和选项可知,本题涉及的是人力资源主管在美国公司里的地位问题,由此将信息定位于第二段。
由该段第四句“公司作重大决策时从来不会咨询这一职务的主管人员的意见”可知C的表述正确。
该段笫二、三句谈到,美国公司的财务主管是公司的第二把手,人力资源部门的主管被远远地排在公司等级的边缘;
由此可知A、B均不正确;
D“在公司引进新技术后,他就不重要了”文中未提及,不选。
(2).ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputinworkforcetrainingmainlygoesto
∙A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff.
∙B.workerswhowillrunnewequipment.
∙C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills.
∙D.topexecutives.
A.
文章在第三段谈到美国公司投资培训员工的情况。
其中第二句说,他们所投资的钱concentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees;
所以A是其同义转述,为答案。
该段最后一句谈到,只有limitedinvestments是用于培训工人的,且都是培训“那些下一步工作可能用到的特定技能”;
故B、C均不正确;
D原文未提及。
(3).TechnologicalchangeinAmericanfirmsisslowerbecause
∙A.newequipmentinAmericaismoreexpensive.
∙B.theydon'
tpayenoughattentiontothejobtrainingoftheirworkers.
∙C.theyarelessresponsivetotechnologicalchanges.
∙D.theirprofessionalstaffarelesspaidandsolesscreative.
由题干关键词technologicalchange和slower,将信息定位于文章末段倒数第三句。
由该句话可知,造成这种局而的原因在上文已作了论述;
回顾该段前半部分的内容,实际上都在说美国的员工因培训不够所引起的种种后果。
由此看出造成slower的最终原因为B“美国公司对工人的在岗培训重视不够”。
A“新设备在美国更贵”、C“美国公司不太支持技术革新”、D“美国公司的专业人员工资低所以缺乏创造”文中均未提及。
(4).WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?
∙A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.
∙B.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'
ownbusiness.
∙C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.
∙D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.
第一段第三、四句提到,在美国掌握劳动技能被认为是个人自己的责任。
劳动力只不过是可以雇用的另一种生产力因素,由此可见,B正确。
A错在regardlessoftheirskills;
C“比起设备,他们更看重工人”、D“由于竞争激烈他们只雇佣熟练的工人”原文均未提及。
(5).Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm'
scompetitiveadvantageis
∙A.theintroductionofnewtechnologies.
∙B.theimprovementofworker'
sbasicskills.
∙C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.
∙D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees.
本题测试学生的综合推理能力。
本文着重论述了员工技能的重要性,指出美国公司不重视对工人的基本技术培训,从而影响他们学习新技术的能力,最终削弱公司的竞争力;
由此可见,B正确。
A“新技术的引进”、D“重视下层员工”都不是作者强调的决定性因素;
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