Literary History of the United StatesWord下载.docx
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Literary History of the United StatesWord下载.docx
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RICHARDM.LUDWIG
THIRDEDITION:
REVISED
THEMACMILLANCOMPANYNEWYORK
COLLIER-MACMILLANLIMITEDLONDON
Copyright1946,1947,1948,1953,1963byTheMacmillanCompany
ThirdEdition,Revised1963
ThirdPrinting,1965
TheMacmillanCompany,NewYork
Collier-MacmillanCanadaLtd.,Toronto,Ontario
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
LibraryofCongresscatalogcardnumber:
63-17511
PREFACE
EACHgenerationshouldproduceatleastoneliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,foreachgenerationmustdefinethepastinitsownterms.AredefinitionofourliterarypastwasneededatthetimeoftheFirstWorldWar,whentheCambridgeHistoryofAmericanLiteraturewasproducedbyagroupofscholars.Itisnowneededagain;
anditwillbeneededstillagain.
Atmid-point,thetwentiethcenturymayproperlyestablishitsowncriteriaofliteraryjudgment;
indeed,thevaluesaswellasthefactsofmoderncivilizationmustbeexaminedifmanistoescapeself-destruction.Wemustknowandunderstandbettertherecordersofourexperience.Scholarscannolongerbecontenttowriteforscholars;
theymustmaketheirknowledgemeaningfulandapplicabletohumanity.Asourpartofthattask,theeditors,associates,andcontributorshaveundertakenandcompletedthiswork.
Suchahistorycouldbetheworkofoneorafewhands,oritcouldbeacollaborationofmany.ButtheUnitedStates,initslifeoflessthantwocenturies,hasproducedtoomuchliteratureforanyonemantoreadanddigest.Itsliteraryhistorycanthereforebebestwrittenbyagroupofcollaborators,whatevertheriskofdifferencesofperspectiveoropinion.
Thosewhohavejoinedinthisundertakingarehistoriansandcriticsratherthanspecialistsinanarrowsense.Theircontributionsarerelatedtooneanotherwithinaframeratherthanseparatelycomposedessays.Eachmemberofourcompanyhasaproportionalshareinthewholeenterpriseratherthananexclusiveinterestinhispartofit.
Thedrawingofthedesignandtheassignmentofchapterstookayearofconferencesinwhicheverypointwasdiscussedtoasatisfactoryconclusion.Sevenmentookpartinthisplanning:
thefoureditorsandthethreeassociates.Eachoftheadditionalforty-eightcontributorshadathandadetailedoutlineoftheentireworkandastatementofbasicprinciplesbeforeheagreedtowrite.Uponhisacceptance,hewasaskedtomeet,eitherindividuallyoringroupconferences,withtheeditorsandassociatesandwiththeauthorsofalliedchapters,anddiscusstheproblemspresentedbyhisassignment.Threeyearsweregiventothewriting;
twomore,totheeditingandpublishing.Duringthisperiodeachofthethreeeditorswhohadundertaken
VlllPREFACE
majortasksofdetailwasgrantedayearoffreedomfromprofessionaldutiesinordertogivefulltimetothework,andinsomeinstancescontributorsreceivedgrants-in-aid.Allthebibliographicalessayswerewrittenbyoneeditorinclosecollaborationwiththeauthorsofrelevantchapters.
Agenuinecollaborationrequiressomesacrificeoftheindividualintheinterestofthegroup.Theauthorshipofeachchapterisgivenonpp.1403-1406,butthechaptersareunsignedinthetext.Manyofthemhavebeensubstantiallyrevisedinordertofitthemintothelargerplan,andpartsofsomehavebeenliftedandincorporatedelsewhere.Theeditorshavethemselveswrittenmanychaptersandhavesuppliednecessarylinks;
butindividualopinionsandstyleshavenotbeenalteredinsubstance.Theresultis,theybelieve,acoherentnarrative,withvaluabledifferencesonindividualpoints.Principlesoforthographyinquotationshavebeenlefttothejudgmentoftherespectivecontributors.
ThealmostidealconditionswhichmadethisprocedurepossiblewerecreatedbyTheMacmillanCompanyandtheRockefellerFoundation,withsupplementaryaidfromtheAmericanCouncilofLearnedSocieties,theAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,andtheinstitutionswithwhichseveraloftheeditorswereconnectedSwarthmoreCollege,PrincetonUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvania,andtheLawrencevilleSchool.Thedisruptionsofthewarandpostwareras,farfrompresentinghandicaps,havestimulatedinterestbyemphasizingtheneedforculturalredefinition.
Itwouldbeimpossibletomakespecificacknowledgmentofindebtednesstothescholarswhoindirectlycontributedtothiswork.Insomeinstances,thedebtwasimmediateandpersonal,butmoreoftenittooktheformofdependenceuponthegreatbodyofcritical,historical,andanalyticalstudiesthatthepastquarterofacenturyhasproduced.Themerelistingofnamesandbookshereorinfootnoteswouldbemeaningless.Thebibliographicalessays,whichattempttobecriticalbothintheirselectionandintheirarrangementofentries,mustserveasconfessionofobligationonalmosteverypoint.TherewouldbelittlereasonforattemptingagainthetaskwhichtheCambridgeHistoryundertookforitsgenerationwereitnotforthepioneeringworkofsuchhistoriansasF.L.Pattee,A.H.Quinn,W.B.Cairns,P.H.Boynton,andV.L.Parrington;
thestimulationofscholarshipbytheseandothersuchteachersasNormanFoerster,J.B.Hubbell,R.L.Rusk,andH.H.Clark;
thebibliographicalworkofE.E.Leisy,GregoryPaine,andtheirassociates;
theinvigoratingperceptionsofsuchcriticsasW.C.Brownell,JohnMacy,StuartP.Sherman,VanWyckBrooks,andEdmundWilson;
andthespecificinvestigationsofahostofcarefulscholars.
Theentiretextofthisbookwaspreparedspecificallyforitunderindividualcontractswithcontributorsfortheirrespectivepartsofasingleover-allplan.
December,1947
THESECONDEDITION
ANEWeditionofLiteraryHistoryoftheUnitedStatesafterfiveyearsandtenthousandcopiessuggestsafewcommentsandreflections.Asthepossibilityofreducingthetextfromtwovolumestoonewasanticipatedwhentheworkwasfirstplanned,theformandpaginationofthefirsteditionhavenotbeenalteredexceptinthecorrectionoferrorsoffactordetailwheretheyhavebeendetected.Formostsuchalterations,theeditorsaregratefullyindebtedtotheirreaders.
Theoriginalplanofthebook,includingomissionsforwhichtheeditorshavebeenadmonishedandcriticalopinionsforwhichtheyhavebeenchallenged,hasthereforebeenkeptintact.LHUSisthecreativeworkofagroupofscholarswhowillneverbeassembledagain.Anyextensiverevisionwouldhavetobetotal,andthetimehasnotyetcomeforthat.Mostofthecriticswhoreaditconsecutivelyhavefoundthat,whateverotherfaultsitmayhave,itisasolidwhole.Morethanperhapsinanysimilarundertaking,thecollaboratorsinLHUSreallycollaborated.Thebooktheyhavewrittentellsasingleandunifiedstory.
Afewchangeshavebeenmadeinformatandsomenewmaterialhasbeenadded.Inthelistingofchapters,thetitlesofthosewhichweredesignedtosupplyinformationaboutthehistoryofthoughtandoftheinstrumentsofculturehavenowbeendistinguishedfromthosewhichdealmoredirectlywithliteraturebybeingsetinitalics.Themasterplanoftheworkmaythusbeseenmoreclearly,itishoped,asaliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStatesratherthanasahistoryofAmericanliterature.Theviewofliteratureastheaestheticexpressionofthegeneralcultureofapeopleinagiventimeandplacewas,fromthestart,anaxiominthethinkingoftheeditorsandtheirassociates.Rejectingthetheorythathistoryofanykindismerelyachronologicalrecordofobjectivefacts,theyadoptedanorganicviewofliteratureastherecordofhumanexperienceandofitshistoryastheportraitofapeople,designedfromthecurvesofitsculturalcyclesandthecolorsofitsrichanduniquelife.LHUSisonekindofhistoryoftheUnitedStates.
Thebrief"
Postscript"
chapterhasbeenadded,nottoprovideafullliteraryhistoryoftheperiod1945-1953asathingapart,buttocarrysomeofthethemes
XTHESECONDEDITION
andmotivesofthelargerstory,alreadydevelopedintheearlierchapters,forwardpastthecentury'
smid-pointandinthiswaytoroundouttheaccountofthesecondliterary"
renaissance."
Thenewbibliographicalessayhasbeendesignedforthegeneralreaderratherthanforthescholar.Itdoesnotattempt,eveninpart,whattheseparatebibliographicalvolumedoesthoroughly.Sometimeinthefuturethatvolumetoomaybecarriedforwardintimebytheuseofsupplementaryessays,butitalsoistoomuchofasingleworktolenditselfreadilytopartialrevision.ThetwopartsofLHUS,textandbibliography,stillbelongtogether.
May,1953
THETHIRDEDITION
AGAINanotherdecadecallsforanothereditionofLiteraryHistoryoftheUnitedStates,andagainthetemptationtoalterthemaintexthasbeenresisted.
The"
chapteroftheSecondEditionhas,however,beencompletelyrevisedandbrokenintotwo.Thefirstofthese,byWillardThorpandRobertE.Spiller,dealswiththoseauthorswhosecareersweremainlyintheperiodbetweenthetwoworldwarsandwhocanthereforenowbediscussedwithsomehistoricalperspective.Thesecond,byIhabHassan,attemptsapreliminaryhistoricalestimateofthoseauthorswhosecareersbeganafter1945.
Thebibliographyforthegeneralreaderattheendofthisvolume,compiledin1953byThomasH.Johnson,hasbeencompletelyrevisedandbroughtuptodatebyRichardM.Ludwig.ThemorenearlydefinitivebibliographywhichwasthethirdvolumeofthefirsteditionofLiteraryHistory(1948)andthesupplement,editedbyRichardM.Ludwigin1
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