behav11testWord文档格式.docx
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behav11testWord文档格式.docx
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DefineAccuracy
Thetruenessoftestmeasurements
DefineAlternateHypothesis
Hypothesisthatthereissomedifference
DefineCoefficientofDetermination
r^2(Correlationcoefficientsquared)
DefineCorrelationcoefficient(r)
Alwaysbetween-1and1.Absolutevalueindicatesthestrengthofcorrelation.
DefineNegativePredictiveValue
Numberoftruenegatives/numberthattestedneg.fordisease
DefinePositivePredictiveValue
Numberoftruepositives/numberthattestedpos.fordiseaseortheprob.Of
havingacondition,givenapos.test
DefinePrecision
Theconsistencyofatest(reliability),absenceofrandomerror
DefinePrimaryDiseasePrevention
Preventoccurrence,e.g.,vaccination
DefineRelativeRisk
Diseaseriskinexposedgroup/diseaseriskinunexposedgroup;
a/a+b/c/c+d
DefineReliability
Reproducibilityofatest;
repeatmeasurementsarethesame
DefineSecondaryDiseasePrevention
Earlydetectionofdisease,e.g.,Papsmear
DefineSEM
StandardErroroftheMean;
standarddeviation/squarerootofn(samplesize)
Definesensitivity
Numberoftruepositives/allpeoplewithdisease
Definespecificity
Numberoftruenegatives/numberofallpeoplew/othedisease
DefineTertiaryDiseasePrevention
Reducedisabilityformdisease,e.g.insulinfordiabetics
DefinethePowerofastudy
Probabilityofrejectinganullhypothesiswhenitisfalse
DefineValidity
Whetheratesttrulymeasureswhatitpurportstomeasure;
theappropriatenessofatest
Dodivorceesremarryfrequently?
Yes
Howdodiseaseprevalenceandpositivepredictivevaluerelate?
Higherprevalence=HigherPositivePredictiveValue
Howdoprevalenceandincidencerelatetodiseaselength?
P>
Iforchronicdiseases;
P=Iforacutediseases
HowdoSEMandStandardDeviationrelate?
SD>
SEM;
asnincreases,SEMdecreases
Howdoyoumeasurethe'
power'
ofastudyortheprobabilitythatthestudywillseeadifferenceifoneexists?
1-beta
HowdoesalpharelatetotheTypeIerror?
ItistheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIerror,isequaltop(pisusually<
.05)
HowdoesbetarelatetotheTypeIIerror?
BetaistheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIIerror
Howmanypeople>
65
35,000,000(approx.13%)
Ifthe95%confidenceintervalforORofRRincludes1,whatdoesthismean?
Thatthestudyisinconclusive
Inwhatagegroupwillthegreatestpopulationincreasebeseenin?
Those>
85
IncreasingsamplesizewillaffectthePowerofastudyhow?
ByincreasingthePower
Isdivorcerelatedtoindustrialization?
No
IsHIVpositivityareportabledisease?
Marriagesathighrisk
Teenagemarriages,Mixedreligions,Lowsocio-economicstatus
MemoryaidforMedicare/Medicaid
MedicarE=Elderly;
MedicaiD=Destitute
PreventiveservicesneededforAlcoholism
Influenza,pneumococcalimmunizations;
TBtest
PreventiveservicesneededforDiabetes
Eye,footexams;
Urinetest
PreventiveservicesneededforDrugAbuse
HIV,TBtests;
hepatitisimmunization
PreventiveservicesneededforHigh-risksexualbehavior
HIV,HepB,syphilis,gonorrhea,chlamydiatests
PreventiveservicesneededforHomeless,Refugee,orImmigrant
PreventiveservicesneededforObesity
Bloodglucosetest
Randomerroryieldspoor………?
Precision
RelativeRiskisusedforwhatkindofstudy?
Cohort
Systematicerroryieldspoor………?
Accuracy
U.S.populationin2000
300,000,000
Unlikespecificityandsensitivity,whatarepredictivevaluesdependenton?
Prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulation
Whatareriskfactorsforsuicide?
White,male,alone,priorattempts,presenceandlethalityofplan,medicalillness,alcoholordruguse,on3ormoreprescriptionmeds.
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE1-14?
Injuries,cancer,congenitalanomalies,homicide,heartdisease
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE15-24?
Injuries,homicide,suicide,cancer,heartdisease
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE25-64?
Cancer,heartdisease,injuries,stroke,suicide
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE65+?
Heartdisease,cancer,stroke,COPD,pneumonia
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinINFANTS?
Congenitalanomalies,SIDS,shortgestation,respiratorydistresssyndrome,maternalcomplicationsduringpregnancy
Whatarethemostcommonsurgeries?
Dilationandcurettage,hysterectomy,tonsillectomy,sterilization,herniarepair,oophorectomy,cesareansection,cholecystectomy
Whatarethereportablediseases?
AIDS,chickenpox,gonorrhea,hepatitisAandB,measles,mumps,rubella,salmonella,shigella,syphilis,andtuberculosis
Whatdoesat-testcheck?
Thedifferencebetweentwomeans(Mr.Tismean)
WhatdoesanANOVAanalyze?
Varianceof3ormorevariables(AnalysisofVariance)
WhatdoesSADPERSONSrepresent?
Sex(male),Age,Depression,Previousattempt,Ethanol,Rationalthought,Sickness,Organizedplan,Nospouse,Socialsupportlacking
WhatfactorsinfluencethePowerofastudy?
1)Thetotal#ofendpointsexperiencedbyapopulation;
2)Differenceincompliancebetweentreatmentgroups
Whatisacase-controlstudy?
Observationalstudy.Samplechosenbasedonpresenceorabsenceofdisease.
Infocollectedaboutriskfactors.
WhatisaClinicaltrial?
Experimentalstudy.Comparesbenefitof2ormoretreatments.
WhatisaCohortstudy?
Observationalstudy.SamplechosenbasedonpresenceorabsenceofRiskFactors.
Subjectsfollowedovertimefordiseasedevelopment.
(Framinghamstudy)
Whatisamemorykeyforsuicideriskfactors?
SADPERSONS
WhatisaNullHypothesis?
Hypothesisofnodifference,e.g.,noassoc.betweendiseaseandriskfactor
WhatisapitfallofMeta-analysis?
Cannotovercomelimitationsofindividualstudiesorbiasinstudyselection
WhatisaTypeIerror(alpha)?
Statingthataneffectofdifferenceexistswhenonereallydoesnot
WhatisaTypeIIerror(beta)
Statingthatthereisnotaneffectordifferencewhenactuallythereis
WhatisanOddsRatiousedfor?
Approximatesrelativeriskwhenprevalenceisnottoohigh;
OR=ad/bc
WhatisChi-Squaretestusedfor?
Tocheckdifferencesbetween2ormorepercentagesorproportionsofcategoricaloutcomes
Whatisdesirableforconfirmatorytests?
Highspecificity
Whatisdesirableforscreeningtests?
Highsensitivityisdesirableforascreeningtest
Whatisincidence?
Numberofnewcasesinapopulationperunittime
WhatisMedicaid?
Fed.AndStateassistanceforthoseonwelfareorwhoareindigent
WhatisMedicarePartA?
Hospitalrelated
WhatisMedicarePartB?
Supplemental
WhatisMedicare?
Fed.ProgramfortheElderly
Whatisprevalence?
Totalnumberofcasesinapopulationatagiventime(incidencexdiseaseduration)
WhatistheFalseNegativeRatio?
1-sensitivity
WhatistheFalsePositiveRatio?
1-specificity
Whatisthehighestqualitystudy?
ClinicalTrial
Whatisthepvalue?
TheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIerror.
Whatpercentofmedicalcostswillthose>
35incur?
30%
WhattypeofstudiesareOddsRatiosusedfor?
Whendodivorcespeak?
Duringthe2ndto3rdyear.
Whichsexhasthemostsurgeries?
Females
DefineAutonomy.
Obligationtorespectptsasindividualsandtohonortheirpreferencesinmedicalcare
Legally,whatdoesinformedconsentrequire?
-discussionofpertinentinformation
-obtainingthepatient'
sagreementtotheplanofcare
-freedomfromcoercion
Ptautonomyvs.beneficence:
whendoesautonomywinout?
Ifptmakesaninformeddecision,ultimately,thept.hastherighttodecide.
What3proofsarerequiredforasucessfulmalpracticecivilsuitforneglegence?
-Dr.breachofdutytopatient
-pt.suffersharm
-breachofdutycausesharm
Note--beyondreasonabledoubtnotneeded,justmorelikelythannot
Whatarethe4exceptionstoconfidentiality?
-potentialharmtoothersisserious
-likelihoodofharmisgreat
-noalternativemeansexisttowarnortoprotectthoseatrisk
-Drs.Cantakestepstopreventharm
Whatarethe4exceptionstoinformedconsent?
-pt.lacksdecision-makingcapacity(notletallycompetent)
-impliedconsentinanemergency
-therapeuticprivelege--withholdinginformationwhendisclosurewouldseverlyharmtheptorundermineinformeddecision-makingcapacity
-waver--pt.waves
Whatarethe5signsofapt'
sdecision-makingcapacity?
-pt.makesandcommunicatesachoice
-pt.isinformed
-decisionremainsstableovertime
-decisionco
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