后期维特根斯的坦的哲学方法论整理Word文档格式.docx
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后期维特根斯的坦的哲学方法论整理Word文档格式.docx
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sphilosophyinthelaterperiod
[author]WangXiaosheng
[introduction]WangXiaosheng,doctor'
saddress,Schoolofmanagement,SoochowUniversity,Jiangsu215006,Suzhou,China
Intheviewofphilosophy,Wittgensteinholdsthatphilosophydoesnotputforwardtheories,doesnotputforwardphilosophicalpropositions,butprovidesonlyphilosophicalresearchmethods.Wittgensteinbelievesthatthephilosophicalmethodsarediverse,includingthemethodofmethod,treatmentofdiseasesofthewholefamilyin,asimilarmethodetc..Herewediscussseveralofthem.
First,ourthinkingcannotbescientificthinking
ContrarytoRussellandothers,inthelaterperiod,Wittgensteinfirmlydeniedthatphilosophyhadscientificnature.Hebelievesthatthereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenphilosophyandscience.Ontheonehand,thisdifferenceismanifestedintheresultsofphilosophicalresearchandscientificresearch.Philosophicalresearchdoesnotputforwardanytheory,norputsforwardanyproposition,butscientificresearchmustputforwardsomehypothesis,andestablishtheorythroughargumentandrefutation,soastograduallyapproachscientifictruth.Ontheotherhand,thisdifferenceisalsomanifestedinthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenphilosophicalresearchandscientificresearchmethods.Hesaid:
"
ourthinkingcannotbescientificthinking,thisistrue."
.Wehavenointerest,andempiricallywehavefoundthatcontrarytoourforefathers,itispossibletodoso,andwedonotproposeanytheory.Theremustbenohypothesisinourthinking.Wemustabandonallexplanationsandmustreplacethemwithdescriptions.[1]
Inscientificresearch,peoplethroughempiricalresearchhypothesis,andthroughaseriesofanalysis,verificationtodenyorconfirmhypothesis;
throughtheresearchontheexperienceofdiscoveringthefactsandproofsomeoldideas(preconceptions)iswrong,andputforwardanewpointofview.Butinphilosophyresearch,wedonotobtainnewdiscoverythroughempiricalresearch,nordoweputforwardthetheory,becausethediscoveryofnewfactsandtheintroductionofnewtheoriesarenotconducivetosolvingphilosophicalproblems.Philosophicalpropositionisnotanempiricalproposition,notafactualproposition,butaconceptualproposition.Itisagrammaticalproposition.Innaturalscience,suchaspsychology,itmaybepossibletostudythecausesoftheformationofconcepts,butthisisnottheworkofphilosophers;
philosophersdonotstudycausalrelationsaspsychologistsdo.[2]peopleincludingthe"
Tractatus"
authorofthethinkingasawonderfulprocess,thethinkingisregardedasaninternalreferenceentity,itisnotbecausetheylacktheknowledgeofpsychologyresearchacausalrelationship,butbecausepeoplelackofoverallgrasptheconceptofpsychology,whichleadtomisuseoftheconceptofthinking.Similarly,althoughpeoplecanbuildsuchpsychologymodeltorevealpeople'
sthinkingprocesses,butthescientificresearchcannotsolveproblemsofphilosophyisnotthereflectionandacorrespondingproblemofhowpsychologicalentity.Thisisbecauseofthemisuseofconcepts.Psychologicalanalysisofthepsychologicalmechanismoffaithdoesnotsolvetheproblemofbeliefsinphilosophy.Studyofphilosophyandscientificresearchcannotequate.Wittgensteinsaid:
weshouldnotforgetthatitcanbesaidthatthemeaningofawordisnotbysomeindependentofourpowerconferred,andthereforecannotbeusedtoinvestigatetherealmeaningofawordusingscientificresearch.Themeaningofawordisgiventoitbysomeone.[3]wedon'
twaitforlinguistsorlogiciansthroughtheanalysistothestructureofthelanguageandsentencestructuretounderstandtheirmeaning.Weusewords,wegivethemmeaning,andweunderstandthem.Theanalysisofsyntacticstructureandlogicalstructuredoesnothelpsolvephilosophicalproblems.Forsuchapersontothinkwhetherthispotentialproblem,wearenottobesolvedthroughthestudyofpsychology,butthroughtheanalysisofthiskindofsentencehasnomeaningtoexplain,bypeopleindailylifewhethertheuseoflanguageso,whethersuchorganizationlanguage,sowhethersuchsentencesgiventoillustratewithmeaning.Inotherwords,theproblemofphilosophycannotbesolvedbyscientificresearchandnewdiscoveries,
Butthroughtheanalysisoflanguage.
Thestudyofphilosophyisdifferentfromtheanalysisofscience,notonlyinphilosophy,withouttheory,withoutnewdiscoveries,butalsoinphilosophy,withoutexplanation.Inphilosophy,wemustabandonallinterpretationsandmustreplacethemwithdescriptions.Hesaid:
ourmethodispurelydescriptive,andthedescriptionswegivedonotgiveanyexplanation."
.Thefundamentalreasonwhythephilosophyof[4]hasrejectedallexplanationsandreplaceditwithdescriptionisthatthereisnothingtoexplainbecauseeverythingisbeforeus.Becausethehiddenthings,forexample,arenotinterestedinus.[5]allthingsconcerningphilosophyhavebeendirectlypresentedtous.Weneedonlytodescribe,nottoperformdeductivereasoning,anddonothavetomakenewdiscoveries.Thediscoveryofnewthings;
reasoning;
scientifictheoriesandmethods.Philosophyismerelyrearrangingwhatisalreadyknown.Ifthereissomethinghidden,thentheyhavenothingtodowithphilosophicalresearch.Theydon'
tplayapartinourlanguagegames.Whatwedonotknowcanneitherbeusedtorepresentsomething,norcanitbeexpressedbysomething.Theycannotbepartofourlanguagegameatall.Ithasnothingtodowithhowwesolvephilosophicalproblemsthroughlinguisticdescriptions.Likechessgames,wecanneverfindtheruleshiddeninchessgames.Alltherulesarealreadyknowntous.Ofcourse,wecaninventanewrule,butthisisnotachessgameweplay,butadifferentgame.Similarly,inourpropositions,thereisnonewmeaningforustoreveal,andifthereisanothernewmeaningintheproposition,thenthisisanotherdifferentproposition.[6]'
sphilosophicalapproachtoscientificresearchcreatedalotofphilosophicalconfusion.Ifweequatephilosophywithphysicsandchemistry,thiswillleadtoamisunderstandingoflinguisticmeaning.Inthestudyofphysicsandchemistry,wehavetofindthecounterpartofaword.Inthisway,weseparatethewordfromitsmeaning.It'
smeaningtothinkit'
saword.Here'
sthemoney.That'
sthecow[7]thatyoucanbuywithmoney.Butmoneyisnotinthesenseofcattle,justaswordsarenotmeantforsomething.Themeaningofmoneyliesinitsuse,inthatitcanbuyanox,andthemeaningofawordliesinitsusage.Thetendencytoerrorhasalsobeenshowninotherfields.WittgensteinbelievesinthecommentsofFraser"
thegoldenbough,Frasermistakenlyprimitivehumanlanguage,suchasthephantomontheghostisexplainedasascientificform.Wittgensteinbelievesthatwestillusethesewordstoday,butitisbynomeansaremnantofprescience.Weusethesewordstounderstandthesewords,whichdoesnotshowthatwearesuperstitious,nordoesitshowthatwerecognizetheexistenceofthecorrespondingconceptofghosts.Wesaythatthemindandspiritdonotshowthatwebelieveinthemindandthespiritforfood.Wemustnotusescientificmodelstosolvephilosophicalproblems.
Ofcourse,weshouldseethattheconceptofinterpretationhasaspecialmeaninghere.Thisisarigorousscientificexplanationofnewfacts,hypotheses,andreasoning.Thisformofexplanationhasnoplaceinphilosophy.Inphilosophy,everythingisinfrontofus,withoutfinding,makingassumptions,orreasoning.Notonlythat,anyexplanationneedsthesupportofotherexplanations,otherwiseithangsintheair,buttheexplanationhastocometoanend,[8].Therefore,inphilosophy,wedonotseekexplanations,butmerelydescribe.However,inanothersense,wecanalsosaythatphilosophyisinterpreted.Forexample,inthephilosophyofWittgenstein,heillustratestheprivatelanguageerrorsthroughthelanguageactivitydescriptionofmetaphysicsdiseaseinthestudyofphilosophy,throughtheanalysisofthedefinitionindicatesthatitisakindofgrammaticalrules,andsoonisanexplanation,
Evenbyillustration,thequestionitselfisabroadexplanation.Inthissense,Wittgenstein'
sphilosophycannotbeseparatedfromtheexplanation.Ofcourse,thisisnotastrictinterpretationofnaturalscience,or,asBeckandHaqputit,adescriptiveexplanation.
ItshouldbesaidthatWittgenstein'
sresearchisarebellionagainsttheapplicationofscientisminphilosophy,includingthetheoryoflogicalphilosophy.Itinvolvesanimportantandunavoidableimportantquestioninthestudyofcontemporaryphilosophy.Whatkindofresearchmethodshouldwefollowinphilosophyresearch?
.SinceKant,thestudyofphilosophyhasbeengreatlyinfluencedbynaturalscience.Philosophicalresearchmethodshavebecomeareplicaofthenaturalsciences.AfterKantputforwardthequestionofhowmathematicsispossibleandhowphysicsispossible,italsoasksfurtherwhymetaphysicsispossibleContemporaryphilosophy,includingphilosophicalhermeneutics,reflectsandcriticizestheapplicationofnaturalsciencemethodstoPhilosophyindifferentdegrees.Itadvocatesthatphilosophicalresearchshouldbedifferentfromnaturalscience.WittgensteinreflectedandcriticizedtheapplicationofNaturalScienceinphilosophyfromadifferentangle,insteadofanaturallanguage.Wittgenstein'
scriticismisworthyofourattention.#p#pagingTitle#e#
Two,thereproductionofthewholepictureisoffundamentalsignificance
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