语言学Politeness in conversation.ppt
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语言学Politeness in conversation.ppt
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Unit9Politenessinconversation,1,2022/10/6,Pre-ClassReading,Differentapproachestothestudyofthelinguisticphenomenonarebrieflypresented.Oftwomostinfluentialmodelsofpoliteness,thePolitenessPrinciple(PPforshort)initsoldandnewformatsiselucidated,withtheothertheory(i.e.FaceTheory)tobedealtwithinthenextunit.,2,2022/10/6,Approachestopoliteness,A.Politenessasareal-wordgoal礼貌-交际中的一种现实目的,B.Politenessasdeference:
敬重,C.Politenessasanutterance-levelphenomenon礼貌-一种话语表层现象,D.Politenessasapragmaticphenomenon礼貌-交际中的一种语用现象,3,A.Politenessasareal-worldgoal,Viewedasareal-worldgoal,politenessisinterpretedasagenuinedesiretobeniceorpleasanttoothers,orastheunderlyingmotivationforanindividualslinguisticbehavior.Sinceitrelatestothespeskerspersonalmotivationandpsyshologicalstate,itisofnorelevancetolinguists,pragmaticiansincluded,becausetheyhavenodirectaccesstowhatpeoplethinkorfeel.,4,2022/10/6,B.Politenessasdeference,ahighersocialstatus,greaterageorthelike,5,2022/10/6,C.Politenessasanutterance-leverphenomenon,Alongthislineofresearch,scholarsareconcernedwiththestudyofformsavailableforperformingparticularlyspeechactspolitelyandtheperceptionofpolitenessbynativeornon-nativespeakers.Ithasbeenfound,forexample,thatthemoregrammaticallycomplexorelaboratethestrategyis,themorepoliteitisratedtobe.SuchstudyisconsideredbyThomstobemoresociolinguisticthanpragmaticinnature,becausedynamiccontextfailstobebroughtintothefocusofstudy.,6,2022/10/6,D.Politenessaspragmaticphenomenon,PolitenessPrinciple,FaceTheory,clarify,rapport,threerulesofpoliteness,7,2022/10/6,RobinTolmachLakoff,AfemaleprofessoroflinguisticsattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkrley.Establishinglanguageandgenderasanobjectofstudyinlinguistics.Twobasicstrategiesforcommunication:
thetransmissionofinformationandrapport.,8,2022/10/6,dontimpose/remainaloof不要强求于人,1.Cometoposttheletteronmydeskthisafternoon.2.Yousee,Ihavesomanyletterstopost,andIhavetodealwiththefaxfirst.3.Couldyouposttheletteronmydesk?
4.Sorry,Ihavetoaskyoutohelpmepostthelettersonmydesk.,Itcanbeappliedtohighlyformalsituationsinwhichthereisasignificantdifferenceinpowerandstatusbetweentheinterlocutors.,9,2022/10/6,1.Iwonderifitwouldhelptogethaircut.2.Maybeyoushouldgetahaircut.3.Youmustgetahaircut.4.Getahaircut,please.,Givetheaddresseehisoptions给对方留有余地,Itisappropriateinlessformalsituationsinwhichtheinterlocutorsenjoyequalstatusandpower,butarenotfamiliarwitheachother.,10,2022/10/6,Equalityorcamaraderie:
actasthoughyouandtheaddresseewereequal/makehimfeelgood.增进相互间的友情,Itisappliedtotheinterlocutorsbetweenclosefriendsandlovers.,11,2022/10/6,
(1)质量准则(qualitymaxim)也就是说要尽量说真话
(2)数量准则(quantitymaxim)A:
使自己所说的话达到现时的交际目的所要求的详尽程度;B:
不能使自己所说的话比要求的更详尽。
(3)关联准则(relationmaxim)要保证你说的每一句都和目前所进行的谈话是关联的(4)方式准则(避免赘述)(mannermaxim)A:
说话要清晰明了,有所指;B:
不要使自己的谈话含糊不清,模棱两可,从而难于理解。
合作原则和它的四个准则,12,A:
我这个裙子怎么样?
B:
嗯,颜色挺好的。
Whynotchoosetobedirectinsayingwhattheymean?
13,Whynotchoosetobedirectinsayingwhattheymean?
WhileGricesCooperativePrincipleaswellasitsmaximshelpstodeducewhatspeakersactuallymeanbywhattheysay,itfailstoexplain,amongotherthings,whytheychoosenottobedirectinsayingwhattheymean.,14,AccordingtoGeoffrreyLeech,communicatorsgenerallyobservesomerulesofgoodbehaviorwhichhetermsthePolitenessPrinciple.Theprinciplecanexplainwhypeoplearesometimesindirectinconveyingwhattheymean.,15,从以上分析,我们可以推导出另外一个问题,那就是,“为什么人们总是用间接的方式来表达自己的真实意图呢?
”格赖斯主义有它的缺陷,Grice提出了合作原则并指出对合作原则的违反就产生了会话含义,但是Grice并没有解释清楚为什么人们要违反合作原则。
后来Leech从修辞和语义的角度提出了“礼貌原则”,作为对Grice合作原则的补充,Leech认为,在语言交际中,人们为了礼貌才违反了合作原则,Leech的礼貌原则有以下几条:
16,Leech礼貌原则的六个次准则(从“惠”和“损”的角度),17,Leech礼貌原则的六个次准则(从“惠”和“损”的角度),18,2.Leechsapproachtopoliteness,Politenessincommunicationrequirespeopletoadoptstrategiesof(a)maximize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofpolitebeliefs;(b)minimize(otherthingbeingequal)theexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.,19,Leech:
MAXIMSOFPOLITENESS,(i)Tactmaxim(策略准则,得体准则)(a)Minimizecosttoother;使他人受损最小Cloudyougivemeasheetofpaper?
(b)maximizebenefittoother;使他人受惠最大Youcanusemycarwheneveryouneedit?
20,April20DearMike,Howareyou?
IvegottwoticketstoaconcertgivenbyafamouspopbandforhisFridayevening.Guesswhichband?
ItsBeyond!
Iknowyouhavelongbeenafanoftheband.SoIguessyouwouldcertainlyliketocomewithme.Bytheway,theconcertwillstartatsixp.m.andlasttwohours.Givemeacallwhenyoureceivethisnote.Affectionatelyyours,Kate,Intheletterthewritermaximizesthebenefittoothers(tactmaxim).使他人受惠最大,21,Leech:
MAXIMSOFPOLITENESS,(ii)Generositymaxim(宽宏准则,慷慨准则)(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;使自身受益最小MayIjus
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